Exercise 1.2Z: Bit Error Measurement

Simulated bit error frequencies

$(h_{\rm B})$ ; in last column

$(N \to \infty)$ :

$h_{\rm B} \to p_{\rm B}$ ⇒ bit error probability.

The bit error probability

$p_{\rm B} = {1}/{2} \cdot{\rm erfc} \left( \sqrt{{E_{\rm B}}/{N_0}}\right)$

of a binary system was simulatively determined by a measurement of the bit error rate $\rm (BER)$ :

$h_{\rm B} = {n_{\rm B}}/{N}.$

Often, $h_{\rm B}$ is also called "bit error frequency".

In above equations mean:

$E_{\rm B}$ : energy per bit,
$N_0$ : AWGN noise power density,
$n_{\rm B}$ : number of bit errors occurred,
$N$ : number of simulated bits of a test series.

The table shows the results of some test series with $N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4$ , $N = 1. 28 \cdot 10^5$ and $N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6$ . The last column named $N \to \infty$ gives the bit error probability $p_{\rm B}$ .

The following properties are referred to in the exercise questionnaire:

The bit error frequency $h_{\rm B}$ is (to a first approximation) a Gaussian distributed random variable with mean $m_h = p_{\rm B}$ and variance $\sigma_h^2 \approx p_{\rm B}/N$ .
The relative deviation of the bit error frequency from the probability is

$\varepsilon_{\rm rel}= \frac {h_{\rm B}-p_{\rm B}}{p_{\rm B}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$

As a rough rule of thumb on the required accuracy, the number of measured bit errors should be $n_{\rm B} \ge 100$ .

Note:

The exercise belongs to the chapter "Error Probability for Baseband Transmission".

Questions

	The accuracy of the BER measurement is independent of $N$ .
	The larger $N$ is, the more accurate the BER measurement is on average.
	The larger $N$ is, the more accurate each individual BER measurement is.

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} σ_h \ = \$

$\ \cdot 10^{ -3 }\$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} σ_h \ = \$

$\ \cdot 10^{ -3 }\$

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} ε_{\rm rel} \ = \$

$\ \%$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} ε_{\rm rel} \ = \$

$\ \%$

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} σ_h \ = \$

$\ \cdot 10^{ -5 }\$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} σ_h \ = \$

$\ \cdot 10^{ -5 }\$

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} ε_{\rm rel} \ = \$

$\ \%$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} ε_{\rm rel} \ = \$

$\ \%$

$\text{Maximum} \ \big [10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 \big] \ = \$

$\ \rm dB$

Solution

(1) Only the second solution is correct:

Of course, the accuracy of the BER measurement is influenced by the parameter $N$ to a large extent. On statistical average, the BER measurement naturally becomes better when $N$ is increased.
However, there is no deterministic relationship between the number of simulated bits and the accuracy of the BER measurement, as shown, for example, by the results for $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 6 \ \rm dB$ :
For $N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\ (h_{\rm B} = 0.258 \cdot 10^{-2})$ , the deviation from the true value $(0.239 \cdot 10^{-2})$ is smaller than for $N = 1.28 \cdot 10^5\ (h_{\rm B} = 0.272 \cdot 10^{-2})$ .

(2) At $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 0 \ \rm dB$ , i.e. $E_{\rm B} = N_0$ , the following values are obtained:

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\sigma_h = \sqrt{{p}/{N}}= \sqrt{\frac{0.0786}{64000}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx 1.1 \cdot10^{-3}}\hspace{0.05cm},$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} \sigma_h = \sqrt{{p}/{N}}= \sqrt{\frac{0.0786}{1600000}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx 0.22 \cdot10^{-3}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$

(3) For this, $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 0 \ \rm dB$ yields the following values:

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\varepsilon_{\rm rel}= \frac{h_{\rm B}- p_{\rm B}}{h_{\rm B}} = \frac{0.0779-0.0786}{0.0786}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx -0.9\% }\hspace{0.05cm}$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm} \varepsilon_{\rm rel}= \frac{h_{\rm B}- p_{\rm B}}{h_{\rm B}}= \frac{0.0782-0.0786}{0.0786}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx -0.5\% } \hspace{0.05cm}.$

(4) Due to the smaller error probability, the values are now smaller than in subtask (2):

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\sigma_h = \sqrt{{p}/{N}}= \sqrt{\frac{0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}{6.4 \cdot 10^{4}}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx 2.3 \cdot 10^{-5}}\hspace{0.05cm},$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\sigma_h = \sqrt{{p}/{N}}= \sqrt{\frac{0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}{1.6 \cdot 10^{6}}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx 0.46 \cdot10^{-5}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$

(5) Despite the much smaller standard deviation $\sigma_h$ , the smaller error probability results in larger relative deviations for $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 9 \ \rm dB$
than for $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 0 \ \rm dB$ :

$N = 6.4 \cdot 10^4\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\varepsilon_{\rm rel}= \frac{h_{\rm B}- p_{\rm B}}{h_{\rm B}}= \frac{0.625 \cdot 10^{-4} - 0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}{0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline { \approx 86\% } \hspace{0.05cm},$

$N = 1.6 \cdot 10^6\text{:}\hspace{0.4cm}\varepsilon_{\rm rel}= \frac{h_{\rm B}- p_{\rm B}}{h_{\rm B}}= \frac{0.325 \cdot 10^{-4} - 0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}{0.336 \cdot 10^{-4}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {\approx -3.3\%}\hspace{0.05cm}.$

(6) The number of measured bit errors should be $n_{\rm B} \ge 100$ . Therefore, approximately (rounding errors should be taken into account):

$n_{\rm B} = {p_{\rm B}}\cdot {N} > 100 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} p_{\rm B} > \frac{100}{1.6 \cdot 10^6} = 0.625 \cdot 10^{-4}\hspace{0.05cm}.$

It further follows that in the simulation for $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0\hspace{0.05cm}\underline{ = 8 \ \rm dB}$ still a sufficient number of bit errors occurred $(n_{\rm B} =1.6 \cdot 10^{6}\cdot 0.197 \cdot 10^{-3}= 315)$ , while for $10 \cdot \lg \ E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 9 \ \rm dB$ on average only $n_{\rm B} =52$ errors are to be expected.
For this dB value, about twice the number of bits would have to be simulated.