Signal Representation/General Description

1. Signal Representation
2. Periodic Signals
3. General Description

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# OVERVIEW OF THE SECOND MAIN CHAPTER #

In this chapter  periodic signals  are considered and described mathematically in the time and frequency domain.

This chapter contains in detail:

• Some basic terms like  period duration, fundamental frequency  and  circular frequency,
• the properties of a  equal signal  as a boundary case of a periodic signal,
• the definition and interpretation of the  Dirac function,
• the spectral representation of a  equal signal  or a  equal signal component,
• the time– and frequency representation of   harmonic oscillations, and finally
• the application of  Fourier series  for spectral analysis of periodic signals.

Further information on the topic as well as tasks, simulations and programming exercises can be found in

• Chapter 6: Linear and Time Invariant Systems  (Program lzi)

of the lab „Simulation Methods in Communication Engineering”. This former LNT course at the TU Munich is based on

• the educational software package  LNTsim    ⇒   Link points to the ZIP version of the program, and
• this   lab instruction    ⇒   Link refers to the PDF version of ;  chapter 6:  page 99-118.

Features and Applications

Periodic signals are of great importance for communications engineering:

• They belong to the class of deterministic signals, whose time function can be specified in analytical form.
• Their signal path is thus known for all times  $t$  and can be clearly predicted for the future.
• They are therefore never information-carrying signals.

Nevertheless, periodic signals are often also required in communications engineering, for example

• for modulation and demodulation in carrier frequency systems,
• for synchronization and clock regeneration in digital systems,
• as test– and test signals during system implementation.

Oscilloscope image of cosine and triangle pulse

$\text{Example 1:}$  The oscilloscope image shows two typical representatives of periodic signals:

• above a cosine pulse,
• below a triangle pulse.

As can be seen from the displayed settings, the period duration of both signals is one millisecond and the amplitude one volt.

Definition and Parameters

Before we turn to the signal parameters of a periodic signal, the term „periodicity” shall be clearly defined:

$\text{Definition:}$  A  periodic signal  $x(t)$  ; is present if for all arbitrary values of  $t$  and all integer values of  $i$  with an appropriate  $T_{0}$  applies:

$$x(t+i\cdot T_{0}) = x(t).$$

This results in the following parameters:

• The  Period duration   $T_{0}$  indicates the smallest possible value, which satisfies the above equation.
• The  ‘Fundamental frequency'  $f_{0} = 1/T_{0}$  describes the number of periods per time unit (mostly per second).
• The unit "1/s" is also called "Hz", named after the German physicist   Heinrich Hertz.
• The  ‘fundamental angular frequency'  $\omega_{0}$  represents the angular rotation per second, usually given in radians.
• In contrast to the basic frequency, the unit "Hz" is not common here, but "1/s". The following equation applies:

$$\omega_{0}=2\pi f_{0} = {2\pi}/{T_{0}}.$$

For definition of period duration, fundamental frequency and angular frequency

$\text{Example 2:}$  Here, a periodic time signal is shown:

• The period duration is  $T_{0} = 2.5 \ \rm ms$.
• From this the fundamental frequency   $f_0 = 400 \ \rm Hz$ is calculated.
• The fundamental circular frequency results to nbsp;$\omega_{0}=2513 \ \rm 1/s.$

Resulting Period Duration

If a signal  $x(t)$  consists of the sum of two periodic signals  $x_{1}(t)$  and  $x_{2}(t)$  with the period durations  $T_{1}$  or   $T_{2}$, the resulting period duration of the sum signal is the smallest common multiple of  $T_{1}$  and  $T_{2}$.

• This statement applies independently of the amplitude and phase relations.
• On the other hand, if   $T_{1}$  and  $T_{2}$  don't have a rational common multiple  $($Example:   $T_{2} = \pi \cdot T_{1})$, then the sum signal  $x(t)$  in contrast to its two components  $x_{1}(t)$  and  $x_{2}(t)$  is not periodic.

$\text{Example 3:}$  Here, a cosine-shaped signal  $x_{1}(t)$  with the period duration  $T_{1} = 2\; {\rm ms}$  (blue signal course) is added with a sinusoidal signal  $x_{2}(t)$  with the period duration  $T_{2} = 5\; {\rm ms}$  and twice the amplitude (green curve).

Resulting period duration of the sum of cosine– and sine signal

• The (red) sum signal  $x(t) = x_{1}(t) + x_{2}(t)$  then shows the resulting period duration  $T_{0} = 10\; {\rm ms}$  shows   ⇒   fundamental frequency  $f_{0} = 100\; {\rm Hz}$.
• The frequency  $f_{0}$  itself is not contained in  $x(t)$  only integer multiples of it, namely  $f_{1} = 500\; {\rm Hz}$  and  $f_{2} = 200\; {\rm Hz}$.

With the interactive applet  Periodendauer periodischer Signale  the resulting period of two harmonic oscillations can be determined.

Exercises for the Chapter

Exercise 2.1: Rectifying

Exercise 2.1Z: Summing Signal