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Examples of Communication Systems/General Description of GSM - Revision history
2026-07-28T04:59:01Z
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Maintenance script: Add German interlanguage link
2026-03-16T12:26:06Z
<p>Add German interlanguage link</p>
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Maintenance script
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52825&oldid=prev
Guenter at 13:58, 20 February 2023
2023-02-20T13:58:57Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2</del>.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''KORREKTUR: the labeling, their'''</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v3</ins>.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
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Guenter
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52530&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:40, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:40:45Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The&nbsp; "visitor location register"&nbsp; of operator&nbsp; $\rm A$&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; abbreviated&nbsp; $\rm VLR(A)$ &ndash;&nbsp; contains information about the exact whereabouts of the foreign subscriber&nbsp; '''2'''&nbsp; and a copy of&nbsp; $\rm HLR(B)$&nbsp; of operator&nbsp; $\rm B$.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The&nbsp; "visitor location register"&nbsp; of operator&nbsp; $\rm A$&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; abbreviated&nbsp; $\rm VLR(A)$ &ndash;&nbsp; contains information about the exact whereabouts of the foreign subscriber&nbsp; '''2'''&nbsp; and a copy of&nbsp; $\rm HLR(B)$&nbsp; of operator&nbsp; $\rm B$.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The operator&nbsp; $\rm A$&nbsp; thus recognizes this foreign customer and gives him clearance for roaming in his network&nbsp; $\rm A$.&nbsp; The prerequisite,&nbsp; however,&nbsp; is that a roaming contract exists between the network operators}}.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The operator&nbsp; $\rm A$&nbsp; thus recognizes this foreign customer and gives him clearance for roaming in his network&nbsp; $\rm A$.&nbsp; The prerequisite,&nbsp; however,&nbsp; is that a roaming contract exists between the network operators<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>}}.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52529&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:34, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:34:16Z
<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS) == </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS) == </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''KORREKTUR: the labeling, their'''</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52528&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:33, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:33:32Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:33, 6 February 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parameters of the base station subsystem include:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parameters of the base station subsystem include:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#The&nbsp; "cell allocation"&nbsp; $\rm (CA)$:&nbsp; Assignment of a set of frequencies to a BTS,</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#The&nbsp; "cell allocation"&nbsp; $\rm (CA)$:&nbsp; Assignment of a set of frequencies to a BTS,</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#the&nbsp; "<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cell Identifier</del>"&nbsp; $\rm (CI)$:&nbsp; Labeling of the individual cells within a LA, </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#the&nbsp; "<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell identifier</ins>"&nbsp; $\rm (CI)$:&nbsp; Labeling of the individual cells within a LA, </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#the&nbsp; "base transceiver station identity code"&nbsp; $\rm (BSIC)$:&nbsp; Identifier of the base transceiver station.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#the&nbsp; "base transceiver station identity code"&nbsp; $\rm (BSIC)$:&nbsp; Identifier of the base transceiver station.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52527&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:32, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:32:38Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*One or more radio cells are combined into one&nbsp; "Location Area"&nbsp; $\rm (LA)$.&nbsp; Each LA is assigned its own identification number - the so-called&nbsp; "Location Area Identifier"&nbsp; $\rm (LAI)$.&nbsp; </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*One or more radio cells are combined into one&nbsp; "Location Area"&nbsp; $\rm (LA)$.&nbsp; Each LA is assigned its own identification number - the so-called&nbsp; "Location Area Identifier"&nbsp; $\rm (LAI)$.&nbsp; </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*This is broadcast regularly by the base station on the&nbsp; "broadcast control channel"&nbsp; $\rm (BCCH)$.&nbsp; This also allows each mobile station to determine its current location via the LAI.&nbsp; When the&nbsp; location area changes,&nbsp; the mobile station requests a&nbsp; "location update.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*This is broadcast regularly by the base station on the&nbsp; "broadcast control channel"&nbsp; $\rm (BCCH)$.&nbsp; This also allows each mobile station to determine its current location via the LAI.&nbsp; When the&nbsp; location area changes,&nbsp; the mobile station requests a&nbsp; "location update<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52525&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:31, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:31:34Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; &raquo;'''operation and maintenance center'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (OMC)$&nbsp; monitors a portion of the overall cellular network and triggers the network's control functions.&nbsp; Other important functions/tasks of the OMC are the management of commercial operations,&nbsp; network configuration,&nbsp; security management and all maintenance activities regarding hardware and software.&nbsp; The OMC is divided into the components&nbsp; </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The&nbsp; &raquo;'''operation and maintenance center'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (OMC)$&nbsp; monitors a portion of the overall cellular network and triggers the network's control functions.&nbsp; Other important functions/tasks of the OMC are the management of commercial operations,&nbsp; network configuration,&nbsp; security management and all maintenance activities regarding hardware and software.&nbsp; The OMC is divided into the components&nbsp; </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#$\text{OMC-B}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; monitoring of the base station controllers<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>&nbsp; $\rm (BSC)$, and&nbsp; </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#$\text{OMC-B}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; monitoring of the base station controllers&nbsp; $\rm (BSC)$, and&nbsp; </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#$\text{OMC-S}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; control of the &nbsp; mobile switching centers'''&nbsp; $\rm (MSC)$.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#$\text{OMC-S}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; control of the &nbsp; mobile switching centers'''&nbsp; $\rm (MSC)$.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52523&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:19, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:19:49Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This cellular structure results in the following consequences for the GSM system:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This cellular structure results in the following consequences for the GSM system:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The&nbsp; cell radius&nbsp; must be chosen smaller,&nbsp; the larger the carrier frequency&nbsp; $<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>f_{\rm T}$&nbsp; is.&nbsp; For the D&ndash;network&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 900 \ \rm MHz)$&nbsp; the maximum cell radius is about&nbsp; $r=35 \ \rm km$. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The&nbsp; cell radius&nbsp; must be chosen smaller,&nbsp; the larger the carrier frequency&nbsp; $f_{\rm T}$&nbsp; is.&nbsp; For the D&ndash;network&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 900 \ \rm MHz)$&nbsp; the maximum cell radius is about&nbsp; $r=35 \ \rm km$. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*For the E&ndash;network it is significantly smaller&nbsp; $(r=8 \ \rm km)$&nbsp; due to the higher frequency&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 1800 \ \ \rm MHz)$.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*For the E&ndash;network it is significantly smaller&nbsp; $(r=8 \ \rm km)$&nbsp; due to the higher frequency&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 1800 \ \ \rm MHz)$.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52522&oldid=prev
Hwang at 16:16, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T16:16:24Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:16, 6 February 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*$\text{GSM/DCS 1800}$: &nbsp; Frequency range around 1800 MHz&nbsp; $($E&ndash;networks,&nbsp; in Germany all operators$)$,</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*$\text{GSM/DCS 1800}$: &nbsp; Frequency range around 1800 MHz&nbsp; $($E&ndash;networks,&nbsp; in Germany all operators$)$,</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*$\text{GSM/PCS 1900}$: &nbsp; Frequency range around 1900 MHz&nbsp; $($mainly used in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inited </del>States$)$.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*$\text{GSM/PCS 1900}$: &nbsp; Frequency range around 1900 MHz&nbsp; $($mainly used in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United </ins>States$)$.</div></td></tr>
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Hwang
https://en.lntwww.de/index.php?title=Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_GSM&diff=52513&oldid=prev
Hwang at 15:54, 6 February 2023
2023-02-06T15:54:08Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:54, 6 February 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== # OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD MAIN CHAPTER # ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== # OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD MAIN CHAPTER # ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mobile phone standard&nbsp; $\rm GSM$ &nbsp; $($"Global System for Mobile Communications"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>$)$&nbsp; was developed in the late 1980s.&nbsp; GSM operates entirely digitally&nbsp; and thus belongs to the second generation&nbsp; $\rm (2G)$&nbsp; of mobile phone systems. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mobile phone standard&nbsp; $\rm GSM$ &nbsp; $($"Global System for Mobile Communications"$)$&nbsp; was developed in the late 1980s.&nbsp; GSM operates entirely digitally&nbsp; and thus belongs to the second generation&nbsp; $\rm (2G)$&nbsp; of mobile phone systems. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&rArr; &nbsp; In 2011&nbsp; $($when this chapter was conceived$)$&nbsp; GSM was the world's leading mobile phone standard and was used in more than two hundred countries,</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&rArr; &nbsp; In 2011&nbsp; $($when this chapter was conceived$)$&nbsp; GSM was the world's leading mobile phone standard and was used in more than two hundred countries,</div></td></tr>
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Hwang