Examples of Communication Systems/General Description of GSM - Revision history

Guenter at 13:58, 20 February 2023

2023-02-20T13:58:57Z

Hwang at 16:40, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:40:45Z

Hwang at 16:34, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:34:16Z

Hwang at 16:33, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:33:32Z

Hwang at 16:32, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:32:38Z

Hwang at 16:31, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:31:34Z

Hwang at 16:19, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:19:49Z

Hwang at 16:16, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T16:16:24Z

Hwang at 15:54, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T15:54:08Z

Hwang at 15:53, 6 February 2023

2023-02-06T15:53:38Z

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 ==Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS)  ==
 <br>
-[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem '''KORREKTUR: the labeling, their''']]
+[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v3.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem]]
 The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 6 February 2023
Line 203:		Line 203:
	*The  "visitor location register"  of operator  $\rm A$  –  abbreviated  $\rm VLR(A)$ –  contains information about the exact whereabouts of the foreign subscriber  '''2'''  and a copy of  $\rm HLR(B)$  of operator  $\rm B$.		*The  "visitor location register"  of operator  $\rm A$  –  abbreviated  $\rm VLR(A)$ –  contains information about the exact whereabouts of the foreign subscriber  '''2'''  and a copy of  $\rm HLR(B)$  of operator  $\rm B$.

−	*The operator  $\rm A$  thus recognizes this foreign customer and gives him clearance for roaming in his network  $\rm A$.  The prerequisite,  however,  is that a roaming contract exists between the network operators}}.	+	*The operator  $\rm A$  thus recognizes this foreign customer and gives him clearance for roaming in his network  $\rm A$.  The prerequisite,  however,  is that a roaming contract exists between the network operators.}}.

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 ==Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS)  ==
 <br>
-[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem]]
+[[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S5_v2.png|right|frame|Switching and Management Subsystem '''KORREKTUR: the labeling, their''']]
 The&nbsp; "switching and management subsystem"&nbsp; $\rm (SMSS)$&nbsp; consists of the mobile switching centers&nbsp; $\rm (MSC$&nbsp; or&nbsp; $\rm GMSC)$ and various databases&nbsp; $($VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. $)$, as shown in the following graph from &nbsp;[BVE99]<ref name ='BVE99'>Bettstetter, C.; Vögel, H.J.; Eberspächer, J.:&nbsp; GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS: Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface.&nbsp; In:&nbsp; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 2 (1999) No. 3, pp. 2-14.</ref>.

@@ Line 162: / Line 162: @@
 Other parameters of the base station subsystem include:
 #The&nbsp; "cell allocation"&nbsp; $\rm (CA)$:&nbsp; Assignment of a set of frequencies to a BTS,
-#the&nbsp; "Cell Identifier"&nbsp; $\rm (CI)$:&nbsp; Labeling of the individual cells within a LA,
+#the&nbsp; "cell identifier"&nbsp; $\rm (CI)$:&nbsp; Labeling of the individual cells within a LA,
 #the&nbsp; "base transceiver station identity code"&nbsp; $\rm (BSIC)$:&nbsp; Identifier of the base transceiver station.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 6 February 2023
Line 157:		Line 157:
	*One or more radio cells are combined into one  "Location Area"  $\rm (LA)$.  Each LA is assigned its own identification number - the so-called  "Location Area Identifier"  $\rm (LAI)$.		*One or more radio cells are combined into one  "Location Area"  $\rm (LA)$.  Each LA is assigned its own identification number - the so-called  "Location Area Identifier"  $\rm (LAI)$.

−	*This is broadcast regularly by the base station on the  "broadcast control channel"  $\rm (BCCH)$.  This also allows each mobile station to determine its current location via the LAI.  When the  location area changes,  the mobile station requests a  "location update.	+	*This is broadcast regularly by the base station on the  "broadcast control channel"  $\rm (BCCH)$.  This also allows each mobile station to determine its current location via the LAI.  When the  location area changes,  the mobile station requests a  "location update".

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 The&nbsp; &raquo;'''operation and maintenance center'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (OMC)$&nbsp;  monitors a portion of the overall cellular network and triggers the network's control functions.&nbsp; Other important functions/tasks of the OMC are the management of commercial operations,&nbsp; network configuration,&nbsp; security management and all maintenance activities regarding hardware and software.&nbsp; The OMC is divided into the components&nbsp;
-#$\text{OMC-B}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; monitoring of the base station controllers'''&nbsp; $\rm (BSC)$, and&nbsp;
+#$\text{OMC-B}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; monitoring of the base station controllers&nbsp; $\rm (BSC)$, and&nbsp;
 #$\text{OMC-S}$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; control of the &nbsp; mobile switching centers'''&nbsp; $\rm (MSC)$.

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 This cellular structure results in the following consequences for the GSM system:
-*The&nbsp; cell radius&nbsp; must be chosen smaller,&nbsp; the larger the carrier frequency&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T}$&nbsp;  is.&nbsp; For the D&ndash;network&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 900 \ \rm MHz)$&nbsp; the maximum cell radius is about&nbsp; $r=35 \ \rm km$.
+*The&nbsp; cell radius&nbsp; must be chosen smaller,&nbsp; the larger the carrier frequency&nbsp; $f_{\rm T}$&nbsp;  is.&nbsp; For the D&ndash;network&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 900 \ \rm MHz)$&nbsp; the maximum cell radius is about&nbsp; $r=35 \ \rm km$.
 *For the E&ndash;network it is significantly smaller&nbsp; $(r=8 \ \rm km)$&nbsp; due to the higher frequency&nbsp; $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 1800 \ \ \rm MHz)$.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 6 February 2023
Line 67:		Line 67:
	*$\text{GSM/DCS 1800}$:   Frequency range around 1800 MHz  $($E–networks,  in Germany all operators$)$,		*$\text{GSM/DCS 1800}$:   Frequency range around 1800 MHz  $($E–networks,  in Germany all operators$)$,

−	*$\text{GSM/PCS 1900}$:   Frequency range around 1900 MHz  $($mainly used in the ~~Inited~~ States$)$.	+	*$\text{GSM/PCS 1900}$:   Frequency range around 1900 MHz  $($mainly used in the United States$)$.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 == # OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD MAIN CHAPTER # ==
 <br>
-The mobile phone standard&nbsp; $\rm GSM$ &nbsp; $($"Global System for Mobile Communications")$)$&nbsp; was developed in the late 1980s.&nbsp; GSM operates entirely digitally&nbsp; and thus belongs to the second generation&nbsp; $\rm (2G)$&nbsp; of mobile phone systems.
+The mobile phone standard&nbsp; $\rm GSM$ &nbsp; $($"Global System for Mobile Communications"$)$&nbsp; was developed in the late 1980s.&nbsp; GSM operates entirely digitally&nbsp; and thus belongs to the second generation&nbsp; $\rm (2G)$&nbsp; of mobile phone systems.
 &rArr; &nbsp; In 2011&nbsp; $($when this chapter was conceived$)$&nbsp; GSM was the world's leading mobile phone standard and was used in more than two hundred countries,

@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 <br clear=all>
 MSC and GMSC have access to several databases:
-#The&nbsp; '''&raquo;Home Location Register&laquo;'''&nbsp; $\rm (HLR)$&nbsp; is a central register for subscriber data in a PLMN.&nbsp; It contains permanent data,&nbsp; but also temporary data needed for routing calls of own mobile subscribers.
+#The&nbsp; &raquo;'''Home Location Register'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (HLR)$&nbsp; is a central register for subscriber data in a PLMN.&nbsp; It contains permanent data,&nbsp; but also temporary data needed for routing calls of own mobile subscribers.
-#The&nbsp; '''&raquo;Visitor Location Register&laquo;'''&nbsp; $\rm (VLR)$&nbsp; stores the data of all mobile stations that are currently in the administrative area of the associated MSC,&nbsp; i.e.&nbsp; also the subscribers of other network operators.
+#The&nbsp; &raquo;'''Visitor Location Register'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (VLR)$&nbsp; stores the data of all mobile stations that are currently in the administrative area of the associated MSC,&nbsp; i.e.&nbsp; also the subscribers of other network operators.
-#The&nbsp; '''&raquo;Authentication Center'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (AUC)$&nbsp; is responsible for storing confidential data and keys.
+#The&nbsp; &raquo;'''Authentication Center'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (AUC)$&nbsp; is responsible for storing confidential data and keys.
-#The&nbsp; '''&raquo;Equipment Identity Register&laquo;'''&nbsp; $\rm (EIR)$&nbsp; stores serial numbers&nbsp; $($"International Mobile Station Equipment Identity",&nbsp; $\rm IMEI)$&nbsp; of the terminals.
+#The&nbsp; &raquo;'''Equipment Identity Register'''&laquo;&nbsp; $\rm (EIR)$&nbsp; stores serial numbers&nbsp; $($"International Mobile Station Equipment Identity",&nbsp; $\rm IMEI)$&nbsp; of the terminals.
@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 [[File:EN_Bei_T_3_1_S6_v1.png|right|frame|Classification of GSM services]]
 GSM services are divided into the three categories:
-#'''&raquo;Bearer services&laquo;''',
+#&raquo;'''Bearer services'''&laquo;,
-#'''&raquo;teleservices&laquo;''',
+#&raquo;'''teleservices'''&laquo;,
-#'''&raquo;supplementary services&laquo;'''.
+#&raquo;'''supplementary services'''&laquo;.
@@ Line 232: / Line 232: @@
 ==GSM teleservices ==
 <br>
-The second category of GSM services are&nbsp; '''&raquo;teleservices&laquo;'''.&nbsp; These are end-to-end services that usually do not require network transition conversion&nbsp; $($"interworking function",&nbsp; $\rm IWF)$.&nbsp; In the above graph,&nbsp; $\rm MS$&nbsp; denotes the terminal equipment of the mobile station.
+The second category of GSM services are&nbsp; &raquo;'''teleservices'''&laquo;.&nbsp; These are end-to-end services that usually do not require network transition conversion&nbsp; $($"interworking function",&nbsp; $\rm IWF)$.&nbsp; In the above graph,&nbsp; $\rm MS$&nbsp; denotes the terminal equipment of the mobile station.
 The main teleservices are:
-#the&nbsp; '''&raquo;telephone service&laquo;''': <br>This basic service for the transmission of digitally-encoded speech signals uses a bidirectional as well as symmetrical point-to-point connection and offers&nbsp; services  such as call forwarding,&nbsp; call blocking and closed user groups;
+#the&nbsp; &raquo;'''telephone service'''&laquo;: <br>This basic service for the transmission of digitally-encoded speech signals uses a bidirectional as well as symmetrical point-to-point connection and offers&nbsp; services  such as call forwarding,&nbsp; call blocking and closed user groups;
-#the&nbsp; '''&raquo;fax service&laquo;''',&nbsp; which uses a transparent carrier service to transmit data;
+#the&nbsp; &raquo;'''fax service'''&laquo;,&nbsp; which uses a transparent carrier service to transmit data;
-#the&nbsp; '''&raquo;short message service&laquo;'''&nbsp; provided by GSM since 1996: <br>This allows point-to-point messages with a maximum length of 160 alphanumeric characters to be transmitted to or from a mobile station using a connectionless packet-switched protocol.
+#the&nbsp; &raquo;'''short message service'''&laquo;&nbsp; provided by GSM since 1996: <br>This allows point-to-point messages with a maximum length of 160 alphanumeric characters to be transmitted to or from a mobile station using a connectionless packet-switched protocol.
-The&nbsp; '''&raquo;supplementary services&laquo;'''&nbsp; as the third category of GSM services modify and complement the functionality of a GSM telecommunications service.&nbsp; Phase 1 GSM offers the same supplementary services as&nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_ISDN|$\text{ISDN}$]],&nbsp; for example,
+The&nbsp; &raquo;'''supplementary services'''&laquo;&nbsp; as the third category of GSM services modify and complement the functionality of a GSM telecommunications service.&nbsp; Phase 1 GSM offers the same supplementary services as&nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/General_Description_of_ISDN|$\text{ISDN}$]],&nbsp; for example,
 #"call display",
 #"call forwarding",&nbsp; and