# Exercise 2.6: Two-Way Channel

(Redirected from Aufgabe 2.6: Zweiwegekanal)

Impulse response of the two-way channel

The so-called  "two-way channel"  is characterised by the following impulse response  $($with  $T_1 < T_2)$:

$$h(t) = z_1 \cdot \delta ( t - T_1) + z_2 \cdot \delta ( t - T_2).$$
• Except for a few combinations of the system parameters  $z_1$,  $T_1$,  $z_2$  and  $T_2$,  this channel will result in linear distortions.
• There is a distortion-free channel at hand only if not a single input signal is distorted by it.
• This means:   Even if the two-way channel is per se distorting,  there may be special cases where indeed  $y(t) = \alpha \cdot x(t - \tau)$.

The test signals applied to the system input are:

• Dirac comb  $x_1(t)$  at a time interval of  $T_0 = 1 \ \rm ms$,  whose spectral function  $X_1(f)$  is also a Dirac comb with an interval of  $f_0 = 1/T_0 = 1 \ \rm kHz$:
$$x_1(t) = \sum_{n = - \infty}^{+\infty} \delta ( t - n \cdot T_0) ,\hspace{0.5cm} X_1(f) = T_0 \cdot \sum_{k = - \infty}^{+\infty} \delta ( f - k \cdot f_0) ,$$
• a cosine signal with frequency  $f_2 = 250 \ \rm Hz$:
$$x_2(t) = \cos(2 \pi \cdot f_2 \cdot t) ,$$
• the sum of two cosine signals with frequencies  $f_2 = 250 \ \rm Hz$  and  $f_3 = 1250 \ \rm Hz$:
$$x_3(t) = \cos(2 \pi \cdot f_2 \cdot t) + \cos(2 \pi \cdot f_3 \cdot t) .$$

• To spare you calculations  the result for the parameter set  $\big [z_1 = 1$,  $T_1 = 0$,  $z_2 =0.5$,  $T_2 = 1 \ \rm ms\big ]$  is given:
$$|H(f = f_2)| = |H(f = f_3)| = \sqrt{1.25} \approx 1.118, \; \; \; \; b(f = f_2) = b(f = f_3) = \arctan (0.5) \approx 0.464.$$

### Questions

1

Which of the following statements are true?

 The parameter set  $\big[z_1 = 1$, $T_1 = 0$, $z_2 =0 \big]$  is the only possible one to describe the ideal channel. Any distortion-free channel is captured by the two combinations  $\big[z_1 \ne 0, \; z_2 = 0 \big]$  or  $\big[z_1 = 0, \; z_2 \ne 0 \big]$ . The values  $\big[z_1 \ne 0\big]$  and  $\big[z_2 \ne 0\big]$  result in a distortion-free channel  if  $T_1$  and  $T_2$  are optimally adjusted.

2

The following holds: $\big[z_1 = 1$,  $T_1 = 0$,  $z_2 =0.5$,  $T_2 = 1 \ \rm ms\big ]$.  Compute the frequency response  $H(f)$  of this channel.
What are the values at multiples of  $1 \ \rm kHz$?

 ${\rm Re}\big[H(f = n \cdot 1 \ {\rm kHz})\big] \ = \$ ${\rm Im}\big[H(f = n \cdot 1 \ {\rm kHz})\big] \ = \$

3

The Dirac comb  $x_1(t)$  is applied to the input of the system with the same parameters as in subtask  (2) .
Which statements are true for the output signal  $y_1(t)$ ?

 $y_1(t)$  is attenuated/amplified by a constant compared to $x_1(t)$ . $y_1(t)$  is shifted with respect to $x_1(t)$ . $y_1(t)$  exhibits distortions with respect to $x_1(t)$ .

4

Compute the signal  $y_2(t)$  as the system response to the cosine signal  $x_2(t)$.   What is the signal value at time  $t = 0$ ?

 $y_2(t = 0) \ = \$

5

Which statements are true regarding the signals  $x_3(t)$  and   $y_3(t)$ ?

 $y_3(t)$  does not exhibit any distortions with respect to  $x_3(t)$ . $y_3(t)$  exhibits attenuation distortions with respect to  $x_3(t)$ . $y_3(t)$  exhibits phase distortions with respect to  $x_3(t)$ .

### Solution

#### Solution

(1)  Statements 1 and 2  are correct:

• $h(t) = \delta(t)$  is true with  $z_1 = 1$,  $T_1 = 0$  and  $z_2 =0$  and  correspondingly  $H(f) = 1$  so that  $y(t) = x(t)$  will always hold.
• Each distortion-free channel impulse response  $h(t)$  consists of a single Dirac function,  for example at  $t = T_1$.
• This case is accounted for in the model by  $z_2 =0$.  Thus, the frequency response is:
$$H(f)= z_1\cdot {\rm e}^{-{\rm j}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm}2 \pi f T_1} \ \Rightarrow \ y(t) = z_1 \cdot x(t- T_1).$$
• In contrast, the channel will lead to linear distortions whenever  $z_1$  and  $z_2$  are simultaneously non-zero.

(2)  The Fourier transform of the impulse response  $h(t)$  results in the equation:

$$H(f) = z_1\cdot {\rm e}^{-{\rm j}\hspace{0.05cm} \cdot \hspace{0.05cm}2 \pi f T_1}+ z_2\cdot {\rm e}^{-{\rm j}\hspace{0.05cm} \cdot \hspace{0.05cm}2 \pi f T_2} .$$
• The following is obtained with  $z_1 = 1$,  $T_1 = 0$,  $z_2 =0.5$  and  $T_2 = 1 \ \rm ms$:
$$H(f) =1 + 0.5 \cdot {\rm e}^{-{\rm j}\hspace{0.05cm} \cdot \hspace{0.05cm}2 \pi f T_2}.$$
• Broken down by real and imaginary part,  this yields:
$${\rm Re}\big[H(f)\big] = 1 + 0.5 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f \cdot 1\,{\rm ms}) \ \Rightarrow \ \underline{{\rm Re}[H(f = f_1 =1 \ \rm kHz)] = 1.5},$$
$${\rm Im}\big[H(f)\big] = -0.5 \cdot \sin(2 \pi f \cdot 1\,{\rm ms}) \ \Rightarrow \ \underline{{\rm Im}\big[H(f = f_1 =1 \ \rm kHz)\big] = 0},$$

(3)  The  first answer  is the only correct one:

• From  (2)  it follows the absolute value function is  $|H(f)| = 1.5$  and the phase function   $b(f) \equiv 0$  for all multiples of  $f_1 =1 \ \rm kHz$   ⇒   $f= n \cdot f_1$.
• Thus, the phase delay time is also zero in each case for these discrete frequency values.
• But since the spectrum  $X_1(f)$  of the Dirac comb has spectral lines exactly at these frequencies,   $y_1(t) = 1.5 \cdot x_1(t)$  holds.

(4)  The absolute value function is:

$$|H(f)| = \sqrt{{\rm Re}[H(f)]^2 + {\rm Im}[H(f)]^2}$$
$$\Rightarrow \; |H(f)| = \sqrt{1 + 0.25 \cdot \cos^2(2 \pi f \cdot T_2)+ \cos(2 \pi f \cdot T_2) + 0.25 \cdot \sin^2(2 \pi f \cdot T_2)} = \sqrt{1.25 + \cos(2 \pi f \cdot T_2) }.$$
• Thus, the following is obtained for the frequency  $f_2 =0.25 \ \rm kHz$:
$$|H(f)| = \sqrt{1.25 + \cos(\frac{\pi}{2} ) }= \sqrt{1.25} = 1.118.$$
• The phase function is generally or at the frequency  $f_2 =0.25 \ \rm kHz$:
$$b(f) = - {\rm arctan}\hspace{0.1cm}\frac{{\rm Im}[H(f)]}{{\rm Re}[H(f)]} = - {\rm arctan}\hspace{0.1cm}\frac{-0.5 \cdot \sin(2 \pi f T_2)}{1+0.5 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f T_2)},$$
$$b(f = f_2) = - {\rm arctan}\hspace{0.1cm}\frac{-0.5 \cdot \sin( \pi/2)}{1+0.5 \cdot \cos(\pi/2)}={\rm arctan}\hspace{0.1cm}\frac{0.5}{1} = 0.464.$$
• Thus, the phase delay time for this frequency is:
$$\tau_2 = \frac {b(f_2)}{2 \pi f_2} = \frac {0.464}{2 \pi \cdot 0.25\,{\rm kHz}} \approx 0.3\,{\rm ms}.$$
• Hence, the following holds for the output signal:
$$y_2(t) = 1.118 \cdot \cos(2 \pi \cdot 0.25\,{\rm kHz}\cdot (t - 0.3\,{\rm ms})).$$
• The signal value at zero-time is therefore:
$$y_2(t=0) = 1.118 \cdot \cos(-2 \pi \cdot 0.25\,{\rm kHz} \cdot 0.3\,{\rm ms}) \approx 1.118 \cdot 0.891 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.996}.$$

(5)  Both frequencies have the same attenuation factor  $\alpha = 1.118$ . Therefore, no attenuation distortions are observed.

• The following is obtained for the phase function with  $f_3 = 1.25 \ \rm kHz$  and   $T_2 = 1 \ \rm ms$ :
$$b(f = f_3) = - {\rm arctan}\hspace{0.1cm}\frac{-0.5 \cdot \sin( 2.5 \pi)}{1+0.5 \cdot \cos(2.5 \pi)}= 0.464 = b(f = f_2),$$
so exactly the same value as for the frequency  $f_2 = 0.25 \ \rm kHz$.
• Despite this,  however,  phase distortions now occur since for  $f_3$  the phase delay time is only  $\tau = 60 \ µ \rm s$  anymore.
• So,  the following can be formulated for the output signal:
$$y_3(t) = 1.118 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f_2 \cdot (t - 0.3\,{\rm ms}) + 1.118 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f_3 \cdot (t - 0.06\,{\rm ms})$$
$$\Rightarrow \; \; y_3(t) = 1.118 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f_2 \cdot t - 27^\circ) + 1.118 \cdot \cos(2 \pi f_3 \cdot t - 27^\circ).$$

Accordingly, the correct  answer is 3:

• So, there are phase distortions although for both oscillations,  $\varphi_2 = \varphi_3= 27^\circ$  holds.
• To avoid phase distortions
• the phase delay times  $\tau_2$  and  $\tau_3$  would have to be equal and
• the phase values  $\varphi_2$  and  $\varphi_3$  would have to increase linearly with the corresponding frequencies.