Exercise 4.18Z: BER of Coherent and Non-Coherent FSK

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Bit error probabilities of BPSK and BFSK

The diagram shows the bit error probability for  "binary FSK modulation"  $\rm (BFSK)$  with

• coherent demodulation,  or

• incoherent demodulation

in comparison with binary phase modulation  $\rm (BPSK)$.  Orthogonality is always assumed. 

• For coherent demodulation,  the modulation index  $h$  can be a multiple of  $0.5$,  so that the purple curve is also valid for  "Minimum Shift Keying"  $\rm (MSK)$. 

• On the other hand,  for non-coherent demodulation of a BFSK,  the modulation index  $h$  must be a multiple of  $1$. 

This system comparison is based on the AWGN channel,  characterized by the ratio  $E_{\rm B}/N_0$.  The equations for the bit error probabilities are as follows for

• BFSK with  coherent  demodulation:

$$p_{\rm B} = {\rm Q } \left ( \sqrt {{E_{\rm B}}/{N_0} }\right ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• BFSK with  non-coherent  demodulation:

$$p_{\rm B} = {1}/{2} \cdot {\rm e}^{- E_{\rm B}/{(2N_0) }}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• BPSK,  only  coherent  demodulation possible:

$$p_{\rm B} = {\rm Q } \left ( \sqrt {{2 \cdot E_{\rm B}}/{N_0} }\right ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Remember:

1. For  BPSK,  the log ratio  $10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, (E_{\rm B}/N_0)$  must be at least  $9.6 \, \rm dB$  so that the bit error probability does not exceed the value  $p_{\rm B} = 10^{\rm -5}$. 
2. For binary modulation methods,  $p_{\rm B}$  can also be replaced by  $p_{\rm S}$  and  $E_{\rm B}$  by  $E_{\rm S}$. 
3. Then we speak of the symbol error probability  $p_{\rm S}$  and the symbol energy  $E_{\rm S}$.

Notes:

• The exercise belongs to the chapter  "Carrier Frequency Systems with Non-Coherent Demodulation".

• However,  reference is also made to the chapter  "Carrier Frequency Systems with Coherent Demodulation".

• Further information can be found in the book  "Modulation Methods".
• Use the approximation  ${\rm lg}(2) \approx 0.3$.

Questions

1

For BFSK and  coherent demodulation,  which  $E_{\rm B}/N_0$  is required to satisfy the requirement  $p_{\rm B} ≤ 10^{\rm -5}$?

$10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, E_{\rm B}/N_0 \ = \ $ $\ \rm dB$

2

Are the following statements correct:   The same result as in  (1)  is obtained for

	the coherent FSK with modulation index  $\eta = 0.7$,
	the coherent FSK with modulation index  $\eta = 1$.

3

For BFSK with modulation index  $h = 1$  and  non-coherent demodulation,  which  $E_{\rm B}/N_0$  is required for  $p_{\rm B} ≤ 10^{\rm -5}$  to be satisfied?

$10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, E_{\rm B}/N_0 \ = \ $ $\ \rm dB$

4

What is the error probability with  $10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 12.6 \ \rm dB$  for BFSK and  non-coherent demodulation?

$p_{\rm B} \ = \ $ $\ \%$

Solution

Solution

(1)  A comparison of the equations in the information section makes it clear that for BFSK with coherent demodulation,  the AWGN ratio $E_{\rm B}/N_0$  must be doubled to achieve the same error probability as for BPSK.

• In other words:   The coherent BFSK curve lies   $10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, (2) \approx 3 \ \rm dB$   to the right of the BPSK curve.

• To guarantee  $p_{\rm B} ≤ 10^{\rm –5}$,  it must hold:

$$10 \cdot {\rm lg}\hspace{0.05cm} {E_{\rm B}}/ {N_{\rm 0}}\approx 9.6\,\,{\rm dB} + 3\,\,{\rm dB}\hspace{0.15cm} \underline{=12.6\,\,{\rm dB}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(2)  Solution 2  is correct:

• The given equation is valid not only for the MSK  $($this is a BFSK with  $h = 0.5)$,  but for any form of orthogonal BFSK.

• Such a BFSK exists if the modulation index  $h$  is an integer multiple of  $0.5$,  for example for  $h = 1$.

• With  $h = 0.7$  there is no orthogonal FSK.

• It can be shown that for  $h = 0.7$  there is even a smaller error probability than with orthogonal FSK:

• With  $10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 12.6 \ \rm dB$ one even achieves $p_{\rm B} \approx 10^{\rm –6}$,  here,  i.e.  an improvement by one power of ten.

(3)  From the inverse function of the given equation,  one obtains:

$$\frac{E_{\rm B}} {2 \cdot N_{\rm 0}}= {\rm ln}\hspace{0.05cm}\frac{1}{2 p_{\rm B}}= {\rm ln}(50000)\approx 10.82\hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} {E_{\rm B}}/ {N_{\rm 0}}= 21.64 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} 10 \cdot {\rm lg}\hspace{0.09cm} {E_{\rm B}}/ {N_{\rm 0}}\hspace{0.15cm} \underline{\approx 13.4\,\,{\rm dB}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(4)  From  $10 \cdot {\rm lg} \, E_{\rm B}/N_0 = 12.6 \ \rm dB$  follows:

$${E_{\rm B}} /{N_{\rm 0}}= 10^{1.26} \approx 16.8 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \frac{E_{\rm B}} {2 \cdot N_{\rm 0}}\approx 8.4 \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} p_{\rm B} = {1}/{2} \cdot {\rm e}^{- 8.4}\hspace{0.15cm} \underline{ \approx 0.012 \%= 12 \cdot 10^{\rm -5}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

This means:   For the same  $E_{\rm B}/N_0$,  the error probability for non-coherent demodulation is increased by a factor of about  $12$  compared to coherent demodulation according to subtask  (1).