# Exercise 1.6Z: Interpretation of the Frequency Response

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Impulse response and input signals

The task is meant to investigate the influence of a low-pass filter  $H(f)$  on cosinusoidal signals of the form

$$x_i(t) = A_x \cdot {\rm cos}(2\pi f_i t ).$$

In the graph you can see the signals  $x_i(t)$ where the index $i$  indicates the frequency in $\rm kHz$ . So,  $x_2(t)$  describes a  $2 \hspace{0.09cm} \rm kHz$–signal.

The signal amplitude in each case is $A_x = 1 \hspace{0.05cm} \rm V$. The direct (DC) signal  $x_0(t)$  is to be interpreted as a limiting case of a cosine signal with frequeny  $f_0 =0$.

The upper sketch shows the rectangular impulse response  $h(t)$  of the low-pass filter. Its frequency response is:

$$H(f) = {\rm si}(\pi {f}/{ {\rm \Delta}f}) .$$

Due to linearity and the fact that $H(f)$  is real and even the output signals are also cosine-shaped:

$$y_i(t) = A_i \cdot {\rm cos}(2\pi f_i t ) .$$
• The signal amplitudes $A_i$  at the output for different frequencies  $f_i$ are searched-for and the solution is to be found in the time domain only.
• This somewhat circuitous solution is intended to make the basic relationship between the time and frequency domains clear.

• The exercise belongs to the chapter  Some Low-Pass Functions in Systems Theory.
• Contrary to the usual definition of the amplitude, the "$A_i$" may well be negative. Then, this corresponds to the function "minus-cosine".

### Questions

1

Which low-pass filter is at hand here?

 Ideal low-pass filter, slit low-pass filter, Gaussian low-pass filter.

2

State the equivalent bandwidth of  $H(f)$ .

 $\Delta f \ =\$ $\ \rm kHz$

3

In general, compute the amplitude  $A_i$  as a function of  $x_i(t)$  and  $h(t)$. Which of the following should be considered in the calculations?

 For the cosine signal,  $A_i = y_i(t = 0)$ holds. The following holds:  $y_i(t) = x_i(t) · h(t)$. The following holds:  $y_i(t) = x_i(t) ∗ h(t)$.

4

Which of the following results are true for  $A_0, A_2$  and  $A_4$ ?   The following still holds:   $A_i = y_i(t = 0)$.

 $A_0 = 0$. $A_0 = 1 \hspace{0.05cm} \rm V$. $A_2 = 0$. $A_2 = 1 \hspace{0.05cm} \rm V$. $A_4 = 0$. $A_4 =1 \hspace{0.05cm} \rm V$.

5

Compute the amplitudes  $A_1$  and  $A_3$  for a  $1 \ \rm kHz$– and  $3 \ \rm kHz$–signal.
Interpret the results using the spectral functions.

 $A_1 \ = \$ $\ \rm V$ $A_3 \ = \$ $\ \rm V$

### Solution

#### Solution

(1)  Approach 2 is correct:   It is a slit low-pass filter.

(2)  The (equivalent) time duration of the impulse response is  $Δt = 0.5 \ \rm ms$.   The equivalent bandwidth is equal to the reciprocal:

$$Δf = 1/Δt \ \rm \underline{= \ 2 \ kHz}.$$

(3)  Approaches 1 and 3 are correct:

• The amplitude is  $A_i = y_i(t = 0)$ since  $y_i(t)$  is cosine-shaped. The output signal is calculated by convolution for this purpose:
$$A_i = y_i (t=0) = \int\limits_{ - \infty }^{ + \infty } {x_i ( \tau )} \cdot h ( {0 - \tau } ) \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}\tau.$$
• Considering the symmetry and the time limitation of  $h(t)$ the following result is obtained:
$$A_i = \frac{A_x}{\Delta t} \cdot \int\limits_{ - \Delta t /2 }^{ + \Delta t /2 } {\rm cos}(2\pi f_i \tau )\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}\tau.$$

(4)  Approaches 2, 3 and 5 are correct:

• For the direct (DC) signal  $x_0(t) = A_x$ , set  $f_i = 0$  and one obtains  $A_0 = A_x \ \rm \underline{ = \ 1 \hspace{0.05cm} V}$.
• In contrast to this, for the cosine frequencies  $f_2 = 2 \ \rm kHz$  and  $f_4 = 4 \ \rm kHz$  the integral vanishes in each case because then it is integrated over one and two periods, respectively:   $A_2 \ \rm \underline{ = \hspace{0.05cm} 0}$  und  $A_4 \hspace{0.05cm} \rm \underline{ = \ 0}$.
• In the frequency domain, the cases which are dealt with here correspond to:
$$H(f=0) = 1, \hspace{0.3cm}H(f=\Delta f) = 0, \hspace{0.3cm}H(f=2\Delta f) = 0.$$

(5)  The result of subtask  (3)  – considering the symmetry – is for  $f_i = f_1$:

$$A_1= \frac{2A_x}{\Delta t} \cdot \int\limits_{ 0 }^{ \Delta t /2 } {\rm cos}(2\pi f_1 \tau )\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}\tau = \frac{2A_x}{2\pi f_1 \cdot \Delta t} \cdot {\rm sin}(2\pi f_1 \frac{\Delta t}{2} )= A_x \cdot {\rm si}(\pi f_1 \Delta t ).$$
• Taking   $f_1 · Δt = 0.5$ into account the result is:
$$A_1 = A_x \cdot {\rm si}(\frac{\pi}{2} ) = \frac{2A_x}{\pi} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.637\,{\rm V}}.$$
• Correspondingly, the following is obtained using  $f_3 · Δt = 1.5$:
$$A_3 = A_x \cdot {\rm si}({3\pi}/{2} ) = -\frac{2A_x}{3\pi} = -{A_1}/{3}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= -0.212\,{\rm V}}.$$
• The exact same results are obtained – but much faster – by applying the equation:
$$A_i = A_x · H(f = f_i).$$
• From the graphs on the information page it is already obvious that the integral over  $x_1(t)$  is positive in the marked area and the integral over  $x_3(t)$  is negative.
• However, it should be noted that in general amplitude is usually referred to as the magnitude (See notice on the information page).