Exercise 3.10Z: Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes

Overall system model, given for this exercise

The Viterbi algorithm represents the best known realization form for the maximum likelihood decoding of a convolutional code. We assume here the following model:

The information sequence $\underline{u}$ is converted into the code sequence $\underline{x}$ by a convolutional code.

It is valid $u_i ∈ \{0, \, 1\}$. In contrast, the code symbols are represented bipolar ⇒ $x_i ∈ \{–1, \, +1\}$.

Let the channel be given by the models $\text{BSC}$ ⇒ received values $y_i ∈ \{–1, \, +1\}$ or $\text{AWGN}$ ⇒ $y_i$ real-valued.

Given a received sequence $\underline{y}$ the Viterbi algorithm decides for the sequence $\underline{z}$ according to

$$\underline{z} = {\rm arg} \max_{\underline{x}_{\hspace{0.03cm}i} \hspace{0.03cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} {\rm Pr}( \underline{x}_{\hspace{0.03cm}i} |\hspace{0.05cm} \underline{y} ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

This corresponds to the "Maximum a posteriori" $\rm (MAP)$ criterion. If all information sequences $\underline{u}$ are equally likely, this transitions to the somewhat simpler "Maximum likelihood criterion" $\rm (ML)$:

$$\underline{z} = {\rm arg} \max_{\underline{x}_{\hspace{0.03cm}i} \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} {\rm Pr}( \underline{y} \hspace{0.05cm}|\hspace{0.05cm} \underline{x}_{\hspace{0.03cm}i} ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

As a further result, the Viterbi algorithm additionally outputs the sequence $\underline{v}$ as an estimate for the information sequence $\underline{u}$.

In this exercise, you should determinethe relationship between the $\text{Hamming distance}$ $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ and the $\text{Euclidean distance}$

$$d_{\rm E}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.2cm}(x_i - y_i)^2}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Then, the above maximum likelihood criterion is to be formulated with

the Hamming distance $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$,

the Euclidean distance $d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$, and

the $\text{correlation value}$ $〈 x \cdot y 〉$.

Hints:

This exercise refers to the chapter "Decoding of Convolutional Codes".

Reference is made in particular to the section "Viterbi algorithm – based on correlation and metrics".

For simplicity, "tilde" and "apostrophe" are omitted.

For more information on this topic, see the following sections in this book:

"MAP and ML criterion",

"ML decision at the BSC channel",

"ML decision at the AWGN channel",

"Decoding linear block codes".

Questions

Solution

(1) Correct is the proposed solution 3:

Let the two binary sequences be $\underline{x}$ and $\underline{y}$ with $x_i ∈ \{-1, \, +1\}, \ y_i ∈ \{-1, \, +1\}$. Let the sequence length be $L$ in each case.

The Hamming distance $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ gives the number of bits in which $\underline{x}$ and $\underline{y}$ differ, for which thus $x_i \, - y_i = ±2$ ⇒ $ (x_i \, - y_i)^2 = 4$ holds.

Equal symbols $(x_i = y_i)$ do not contribute to the Hamming distance and give $(x_i \, – y_i)^2 = 0$. According to the solution 3, we can therefore write:

$$ d_{\rm H}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) = \frac{1}{4} \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.2cm}(x_i - y_i)^2= \frac{1}{4} \cdot d_{\rm E}^2(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y})\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(2) All proposed solutions are correct:

In the BSC model, it is common practice to select the code word $\underline{x}$ with the smallest Hamming distance $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ for the given received vector $\underline{y}$:

$$\underline{z} = {\rm arg} \min_{\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} d_{\rm H}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y})\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

But according to the subtask (1) also applies:

$$\underline{z} = {\rm arg} \min_{\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} d_{\rm E}^{\hspace{0.15cm}2}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y})/4 \hspace{0.2cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.2cm} \underline{z} = {\rm arg} \min_{\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} d_{\rm E}^{\hspace{0.15cm}2}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) \hspace{0.2cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.2cm} \underline{z} = {\rm arg} \min_{\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} \mathcal{C}} \hspace{0.1cm} d_{\rm E}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The factor $1/4$ does not matter for the minimization. Since $d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y}) ≥ 0$, it does not matter whether the minimization is done with respect to $d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ or $d_{\rm E}^2(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$.

(3) Correct is the proposed solution 2:

The square of the Euclidean distance can be expressed as follows:

$$d_{\rm E}^{\hspace{0.15cm}2}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) = \sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.2cm}(x_i - y_i)^2 = \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}+ \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} y_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}-2 \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i \cdot y_i \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The first two summands are each equal to $L$ and need not be considered for minimization.

For the last expression in this equation, $–2 \cdot 〈 \underline{x}, \, \underline{y} 〉$ can be written.

Due to the negative sign, minimization becomes maximization ⇒ answer 2.

(4) Correct are the proposed solutions 2 and 3:

For the AWGN channel, unlike the BSC, no Hamming distance can be specified.

Based on the equation

$$d_{\rm E}^{\hspace{0.15cm}2}(\underline{x} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.1cm}\underline{y}) = \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}+ \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} y_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}-2 \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i \cdot y_i$$

the same statements apply for the first and last summands as for the BSC model – see subtask (3).

For the middle summand, $y_i = x_i + n_i$ and $x_i ∈ \{–1, \, +1\}$ hold:

$$\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} y_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} = \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}+ \hspace{0.1cm}\sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} n_i^{\hspace{0.15cm}2} \hspace{0.1cm}+2 \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{L} \hspace{0.1cm} x_i \cdot n_i \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The first summand gives again $L$, the second is proportional to the noise power, and the last term vanishes since $\underline{x}$ and $\underline{n}$ are uncorrelated.

So for minimizing $d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$, the sum over $y_i^2$ need not be considered since there is no relation to the code sequences $\underline{x}$.

	$d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y}) = d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ is valid.
	$d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y}) = d_{\rm E}^2(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})$ is valid.
	$d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y}) = d_{\rm E}^2(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})/4$ is valid.

	$\underline{z} = \arg \min {d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})}$,
	$\underline{z} = \arg \min {d_{\rm E}(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})}$,
	$\underline{z} = \arg \min {d_{\rm E}^2(\underline{x}, \, \underline{y})}$,

	$\underline{z} = \arg \min 〈 \underline{x} \cdot \underline{y} 〉$,
	$\underline{z} = \arg \max 〈 \underline{x} \cdot \underline{y} 〉$.