Exercise 4.4Z: Signal-to-Noise Ratio with PCM

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Signal-to-noise ratio of PCM 30/32 compared to ZSB amplitude modulation

The graph shows the signal-to-noise ratio  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v$  for pulse code modulation  $\rm (PCM)$  compared to analog double-sideband amplitude modulation, abbreviated as  "$\rm DSB-AM$". 

For the latter,   $ρ_v = ξ$,  where the persormanc parameter

$$\xi = \frac{\alpha^2 \cdot P_{\rm S}}{N_0 \cdot f_{\rm N}}$$

summarizes the following system parameters:

• the frequency-independent attenuation factor  $α$  of the transmission channel,
• the power  $P_{\rm S}$  of the transmitted signal  $s(t)$,&nbsp, also called  "transmit power"  for short,
• the message frequency  $f_{\rm N}$  (bandwidth)  of the cosine source signal  $q(t)$,
• the noise power density  $N_0$  of the AWGN noise.

For the PCM system,  the following approximation for the sink SNR was given in the section  "Estimation of SNR degradation due to bit errors",  which also takes into account transmission errors due to AWGN noise:

$$\rho_{\upsilon}= \frac{1}{ 2^{-2N } + 4 \cdot p_{\rm B}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Here  $N$  denotes the number of bits per sample and  $p_{\rm B}$  the bit error probability.
• Since  $ξ$  can in digital modulation also be interpreted as the  "signal energy per bit"  related to the  "noise power density"  $(E_{\rm B}/N_0)$,  with the complementary Gaussian error signal  ${\rm Q}(x)$  approximately:

$$p_{\rm B}= {\rm Q} \left ( \sqrt{2 \xi }\right ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Hints:

• The exercise belongs to the chapter  "Pulse Code Modulation".
• Reference is made in particular to the sections  "Influence of transmission errors"   and   "Estimation of SNR degradation due to transmission errors".
• The PCM considered here is the  PCM 30/32,  whose system parameters are given,  e.g. in  Exercise 4.1 .

Questions

1

How many bits per sample   ⇒   $N = N_1$  does the PCM system under consideration use?

$N_1 \ = \ $

2

How many bits per sample   ⇒   $N = N_2$  would have to be used to achieve  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v > 64 \ \rm dB$  ("music quality")?

$N_2 \ = \ $

3

What  (logarithmized)  performance parameter  $ξ_{40\ \rm dB}$  is required for 8-bit PCM to have a signal-to-noise ratio of  $40\ \rm dB$ ?

$10 ⋅ \lg \ ξ_{40\ \rm dB} \ = \ $ $\ \rm dB$

4

By what factor could the transmit power be reduced for PCM compared to  "DSB-AM"  to still achieve  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v = 40\ \rm dB$ ?

$K_\text{AM → PCM} \ = \ $

5

What is the bit error probability  $p_{\rm B}$  for  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ξ = 6\ \rm dB$  and  $N = N_1$   ⇒   result of the subtask  (1)?

$p_{\rm B} \ = \ $ $\ \%$

6

What would be the SNR for the same  $ξ$  with a 3-bit PCM   ⇒   $N = 3$ ?

$10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v \ = \ $ $\ \rm dB$

Solution

Solution

(1)  The horizontal section of the PCM curve is determined by the quantization noise alone. 

• Here,  with the quantization step number  $M = 2^N$:

$$\rho_{v} (\xi \rightarrow \infty) = \rho_{\rm Q} = M^2 = 2^{2N} \hspace{0.3cm}\rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} 10 \cdot {\rm lg}\hspace{0.1cm}\rho_{v} \approx 6\,{\rm dB} \cdot N\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• From the readable signal-to-noise ratio  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v ≈ 48 \ \rm dB$  it follows:
    $N_1\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 8}$  bits per sample and for the quantization level number  $M = 256$.

(2)  From the above approximation,  we obtain for  $N_2\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 11}$  bits per sample   ⇒   $M = 2048$  the signal-to-noise ratio  $66 \ \rm dB$.

• With  $N = 10$   ⇒   $M = 1024$  one reaches only approx.  $60 \ \rm dB$.
• For the compact disc  $\rm (CD)$,  the PCM parameters  $N = 16$   ⇒   $M = 65536$   ⇒   $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v > 96 \ \rm dB$  are used.

(3)  For double-sideband amplitude modulation  $\rm (DSB-AM)$,  this would require  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ξ = 40\ \rm dB$ .

• As can be seen from the graph in the data section,  this abscissa value for the given PCM is lower by  $30 \ \rm dB$ ⇒  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ξ_{40\ \rm dB}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 10 \ \rm dB}$.

(4)  The logarithmic value  $30 \ \rm dB$  corresponds to a power reduced by a factor  $10^3\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 1000}$  .

(5)  From the graph in the information section,  it can be seen that the abscissa value  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ξ= 6 \ \rm dB$  results in the signal-to-noise ratio  $20 \ \rm dB$.

• From  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v = 20 \ \rm dB$  follows  $ρ_v = 100$  and thus further  $($with  $N = N_1 = 8)$:

$$\rho_{\upsilon}= \frac{1}{ 2^{-2N } + 4 \cdot p_{\rm B}} \approx \frac{1}{ 1.5 \cdot 10^{-5} + 4 \cdot p_{\rm B}} = 100 \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} p_{\rm B} = \frac{0.01 - 1.5 \cdot 10^{-5}}{ 4} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 2.5\%} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(6)  With the same performance parameter  $ξ$,  the bit error probability is still  $p_{\rm B} = 0.025$.  Thus, with  $N = 3$  (bits per sample):

$$\rho_{\upsilon}= \frac{1}{ 2^{-6 } + 4 \cdot p_{\rm B}} = \frac{1}{ 0.015625 + 0.01} \approx 39 \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}10 \cdot {\rm lg} \hspace{0.15cm}\rho_{\upsilon}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 15.9\,{\rm dB}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Further,  it should be noted:

• With only three bits per sample,  the quantization noise power  $(P_{\rm Q} = 0.015625)$  is already larger than the error noise power  $(P_{\rm E} = 0.01)$.
• By increasing the transmit power,  the signal-to-noise ratio could be maximum  $10 ⋅ \lg \ ρ_v =18 \ \rm dB$  because of quantization, if no bit errors occur  $(P_{\rm E} = 0)$.