Difference between revisions of "Theory of Stochastic Signals/Linear Combinations of Random Variables"
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{{Header | {{Header | ||
− | |Untermenü= | + | |Untermenü=Random Variables with Statistical Dependence |
− | |Vorherige Seite= | + | |Vorherige Seite=Two-Dimensional Gaussian Random Variables |
− | |Nächste Seite= | + | |Nächste Seite=Auto-Correlation Function |
}} | }} | ||
− | == | + | ==Prerequisites and mean values== |
<br> | <br> | ||
− | + | Throughout the chapter "Linear Combinations of Random Variables" we make the following assumptions: | |
− | * | + | *The random variables $u$ and $v$ are zero mean each ⇒ $m_u = m_v = 0$ and also statistically independent of each other ⇒ $ρ_{uv} = 0$. |
− | * | + | *The two random variables $u$ and $v$ each have equal standard deviation $σ$. No statement is made about the nature of the distribution. |
− | * | + | *Let the two random variables $x$ and $y$ be linear combinations of $u$ and $v$, where: |
:$$x=A \cdot u + B \cdot v + C,$$ | :$$x=A \cdot u + B \cdot v + C,$$ | ||
:$$y=D \cdot u + E \cdot v + F.$$ | :$$y=D \cdot u + E \cdot v + F.$$ | ||
− | + | Thus, for the (linear) mean values of the new random variables $x$ and $y$ we obtain according to the general rules of calculation for expected values: | |
:$$m_x =A \cdot m_u + B \cdot m_v + C =C,$$ | :$$m_x =A \cdot m_u + B \cdot m_v + C =C,$$ | ||
:$$m_y =D \cdot m_u + E \cdot m_v + F =F.$$ | :$$m_y =D \cdot m_u + E \cdot m_v + F =F.$$ | ||
− | + | Thus, the coefficients $C$ and $F$ give only the mean values of $x$ and $y$ Both are always set to zero in the following pages. | |
− | + | ==Resulting correlation coefficient== | |
− | == | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
− | + | ResuLet us now consider the '''variances''' of the random variables according to the linear combinations. | |
− | * | + | *For the random variable $x$ holds independently of the parameter $C$: |
− | :$$\sigma _x ^2 = {\rm E}\big[x ^{\rm 2}\big] = A^{\rm 2} \cdot {\rm E}\big[u^{\rm 2}\big] | + | :$$\sigma _x ^2 = {\rm E}\big[x ^{\rm 2}\big] = A^{\rm 2} \cdot {\rm E}\big[u^{\rm 2}\big] + B^{\rm 2} \cdot {\rm E}\big[v^{\rm 2}\big] + {\rm 2} \cdot A \cdot B \cdot {\rm E}\big[u \cdot v\big].$$ |
− | * | + | *The expected values of $u^2$ and $v^2$ are by definition equal to $σ^2$, respectively, because $u$ and $v$ are zero mean. |
− | * | + | *Since $u$ and $v$ are moreover assumed to be statistically independent, one can also write for the expected value of the product: |
:$${\rm E}\big[u \cdot v\big] = {\rm E}\big[u\big] \cdot {\rm E}\big[v\big] = m_u \cdot m_v = \rm 0.$$ | :$${\rm E}\big[u \cdot v\big] = {\rm E}\big[u\big] \cdot {\rm E}\big[v\big] = m_u \cdot m_v = \rm 0.$$ | ||
− | * | + | *Thus, for the variances of the random variables formed by linear combinations, we obtain: |
:$$\sigma _x ^2 =(A^2 + B^2) \cdot \sigma ^2,$$ | :$$\sigma _x ^2 =(A^2 + B^2) \cdot \sigma ^2,$$ | ||
:$$\sigma _y ^2 =(D^2 + E^2) \cdot \sigma ^2.$$ | :$$\sigma _y ^2 =(D^2 + E^2) \cdot \sigma ^2.$$ | ||
− | + | The '''covariance''' $μ_{xy}$ is identical to the joint moment $m_{xy}$ for zero mean random variables $x$ and $y$ ⇒ $C = F = 0$ : | |
:$$\mu_{xy } = m_{xy } = {\rm E}\big[x \cdot y\big] = {\rm E}\big[(A \cdot u + B \cdot v)\cdot (D \cdot u + E \cdot v)\big].$$ | :$$\mu_{xy } = m_{xy } = {\rm E}\big[x \cdot y\big] = {\rm E}\big[(A \cdot u + B \cdot v)\cdot (D \cdot u + E \cdot v)\big].$$ | ||
− | + | Note here that ${\rm E}\big[ \text{...} \big]$ denotes an expected value, while $E$ describes a variable. | |
{{BlaueBox|TEXT= | {{BlaueBox|TEXT= | ||
− | $\text{ | + | $\text{Conclusion:}$ After evaluating this equation in an analogous manner to above, it follows: |
− | :$$\mu_{xy } = | + | :$$\mu_{xy } = (A \cdot D + B \cdot E) \cdot \sigma^{\rm 2 } |
− | \hspace{0.3cm}\ | + | \hspace{0.3cm}\rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm} |
− | \rho_{xy } = \frac{\rho_{xy } }{\sigma_x \cdot \sigma_y} = | + | \rho_{xy } = \frac{\rho_{xy } }{\sigma_x \cdot \sigma_y} = \frac {A \cdot D + B \cdot E}{\sqrt{(A^{\rm 2}+B^{\rm 2})(D^{\rm 2}+E^{\rm 2} ) } }. $$}} |
− | + | We now exclude two special cases: | |
− | *$A = B = 0$ | + | *$A = B = 0$ ⇒ $x ≡ 0$ as well as. |
− | *$D = E = 0$ | + | *$D = E = 0$ ⇒ $y ≡ 0$. |
− | + | Then the above equation always yields unique values for the correlation coefficient in the range $-1 ≤ ρ_{xy} ≤ +1$. | |
{{GraueBox|TEXT= | {{GraueBox|TEXT= | ||
− | $\text{ | + | $\text{Example 1:}$ |
− | + | If we set $A = E = 0$, we get the correlation coefficient $ρ_{xy} = 0$. This result is insightful: | |
− | * | + | *Now $x$ depends only on $v$ and $y$ depends exclusively on $u$ . |
− | * | + | *But since $u$ and $v$ were assumed to be statistically independent, there are also no relationships between $x$ and $y$. |
− | * | + | *Similarly, $ρ_{xy} = 0$ results for the combination $B = D = 0$.}} |
{{GraueBox|TEXT= | {{GraueBox|TEXT= | ||
− | $\text{ | + | $\text{Example 2:}$ The constellation $B = E = 0$ leads to the fact that both $x$ and $y$ depend only on $u$ Then the correlation coefficient is obtained: |
− | :$$\rho_{xy } = | + | :$$\rho_{xy } = \frac {A \cdot D }{\sqrt{A^{\rm 2}\cdot D^{\rm 2} } } = \frac {A \cdot D }{\vert A\vert \cdot D\vert } =\pm 1. $$ |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
+ | *If $A$ and $D$ have the same sign, then $ρ_{xy} = +1$. | ||
+ | *For different signs, the correlation coefficient is $-1$. | ||
+ | *Also, for $A = D = 0$ the coefficient $ρ_{xy} = ±1$ if $B \ne 0$ and $E \ne 0$ holds. }} | ||
==Erzeugung korrelierter Zufallsgrößen== | ==Erzeugung korrelierter Zufallsgrößen== | ||
<br> | <br> |
Revision as of 23:24, 25 January 2022
Contents
Prerequisites and mean values
Throughout the chapter "Linear Combinations of Random Variables" we make the following assumptions:
- The random variables $u$ and $v$ are zero mean each ⇒ $m_u = m_v = 0$ and also statistically independent of each other ⇒ $ρ_{uv} = 0$.
- The two random variables $u$ and $v$ each have equal standard deviation $σ$. No statement is made about the nature of the distribution.
- Let the two random variables $x$ and $y$ be linear combinations of $u$ and $v$, where:
- $$x=A \cdot u + B \cdot v + C,$$
- $$y=D \cdot u + E \cdot v + F.$$
Thus, for the (linear) mean values of the new random variables $x$ and $y$ we obtain according to the general rules of calculation for expected values:
- $$m_x =A \cdot m_u + B \cdot m_v + C =C,$$
- $$m_y =D \cdot m_u + E \cdot m_v + F =F.$$
Thus, the coefficients $C$ and $F$ give only the mean values of $x$ and $y$ Both are always set to zero in the following pages.
Resulting correlation coefficient
ResuLet us now consider the variances of the random variables according to the linear combinations.
- For the random variable $x$ holds independently of the parameter $C$:
- $$\sigma _x ^2 = {\rm E}\big[x ^{\rm 2}\big] = A^{\rm 2} \cdot {\rm E}\big[u^{\rm 2}\big] + B^{\rm 2} \cdot {\rm E}\big[v^{\rm 2}\big] + {\rm 2} \cdot A \cdot B \cdot {\rm E}\big[u \cdot v\big].$$
- The expected values of $u^2$ and $v^2$ are by definition equal to $σ^2$, respectively, because $u$ and $v$ are zero mean.
- Since $u$ and $v$ are moreover assumed to be statistically independent, one can also write for the expected value of the product:
- $${\rm E}\big[u \cdot v\big] = {\rm E}\big[u\big] \cdot {\rm E}\big[v\big] = m_u \cdot m_v = \rm 0.$$
- Thus, for the variances of the random variables formed by linear combinations, we obtain:
- $$\sigma _x ^2 =(A^2 + B^2) \cdot \sigma ^2,$$
- $$\sigma _y ^2 =(D^2 + E^2) \cdot \sigma ^2.$$
The covariance $μ_{xy}$ is identical to the joint moment $m_{xy}$ for zero mean random variables $x$ and $y$ ⇒ $C = F = 0$ :
- $$\mu_{xy } = m_{xy } = {\rm E}\big[x \cdot y\big] = {\rm E}\big[(A \cdot u + B \cdot v)\cdot (D \cdot u + E \cdot v)\big].$$
Note here that ${\rm E}\big[ \text{...} \big]$ denotes an expected value, while $E$ describes a variable.
$\text{Conclusion:}$ After evaluating this equation in an analogous manner to above, it follows:
- $$\mu_{xy } = (A \cdot D + B \cdot E) \cdot \sigma^{\rm 2 } \hspace{0.3cm}\rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm} \rho_{xy } = \frac{\rho_{xy } }{\sigma_x \cdot \sigma_y} = \frac {A \cdot D + B \cdot E}{\sqrt{(A^{\rm 2}+B^{\rm 2})(D^{\rm 2}+E^{\rm 2} ) } }. $$
We now exclude two special cases:
- $A = B = 0$ ⇒ $x ≡ 0$ as well as.
- $D = E = 0$ ⇒ $y ≡ 0$.
Then the above equation always yields unique values for the correlation coefficient in the range $-1 ≤ ρ_{xy} ≤ +1$.
$\text{Example 1:}$ If we set $A = E = 0$, we get the correlation coefficient $ρ_{xy} = 0$. This result is insightful:
- Now $x$ depends only on $v$ and $y$ depends exclusively on $u$ .
- But since $u$ and $v$ were assumed to be statistically independent, there are also no relationships between $x$ and $y$.
- Similarly, $ρ_{xy} = 0$ results for the combination $B = D = 0$.
$\text{Example 2:}$ The constellation $B = E = 0$ leads to the fact that both $x$ and $y$ depend only on $u$ Then the correlation coefficient is obtained:
- $$\rho_{xy } = \frac {A \cdot D }{\sqrt{A^{\rm 2}\cdot D^{\rm 2} } } = \frac {A \cdot D }{\vert A\vert \cdot D\vert } =\pm 1. $$
- If $A$ and $D$ have the same sign, then $ρ_{xy} = +1$.
- For different signs, the correlation coefficient is $-1$.
- Also, for $A = D = 0$ the coefficient $ρ_{xy} = ±1$ if $B \ne 0$ and $E \ne 0$ holds.
Erzeugung korrelierter Zufallsgrößen
Die Gleichungen der letzten Seite können zur Erzeugung einer zweidimensionalen Zufallsgröße $(x, y)$ mit vorgegebenen Kenngrößen $σ_x$, $σ_y$ und $ρ_{xy}$ genutzt werden.
- Werden außer diesen drei Sollwerten keine weiteren Voraussetzungen getroffen, so ist einer der vier Koeffizienten $A, \ B, \ D$ und $E$ frei wählbar.
- Im Folgenden wird stets willkürlich $E = 0$ gesetzt.
- Mit der weiteren Festlegung, dass die statistisch unabhängigen Zufallsgrößen $u$ und $v$ jeweils die Streuung $σ =1$ aufweisen, erhält man:
- $$D = \sigma_y, \hspace{0.5cm} A = \sigma_x \cdot \rho_{xy}, \hspace{0.5cm} B = \sigma_x \cdot \sqrt {1-\rho_{xy}^2}.$$
- Bei $σ ≠ 1$ sind diese Werte jeweils noch durch $σ$ zu dividieren.
$\text{Beispiel 3:}$ Wir gehen stets von mittelwertfreien Gaußschen Zufallsgrößen $u$ und $v$ aus. Beide besitzen die Varianz $σ^2 = 1$.
$(1)$ Zur Erzeugung einer 2D–Zufallsgröße mit den gewünschten Kennwerten $σ_x =1$, $σ_y = 1.55$ und $ρ_{xy} = -0.8$ eignet sich zum Beispiel der Parametersatz
- $$A = -0.8, \; B = 0.6, \; D = 1.55, \; E = 0.$$
- Dieser Parametersatz liegt der linken Grafik zugrunde.
- Die Korrelationsgerade $K(x)$ ist rot dargestellt.
- Sie verläuft unter einem Winkel von etwa $-50^\circ$.
- Violett eingezeichnet ist die Ellipsenhauptachse, die etwas oberhalb der Korrelationsgeraden liegt.
$(2)$ Der Parametersatz für die rechte Grafik lautet:
- $$A = -0.625,\; B = 0.781,\; D = 1.501,\; E = -0.390.$$
- Im statistischen Sinne erhält man das gleiche Resultat, auch wenn sich die beiden Punktwolken im Detail unterscheiden.
- Insbesondere ergibt sich bezüglich Korrelationsgerade und Ellipsenhauptachse kein Unterschied zum Parametersatz $(1)$.
Aufgaben zum Kapitel
Aufgabe 4.7: Gewichtete Summe und Differenz
Aufgabe 4.7Z: Erzeugung einer 2D–WDF
Aufgabe 4.8: Rautenförmige 2D-WDF