Aufgaben:Exercise 4.1: About the Gram-Schmidt Process: Difference between revisions

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{{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Digitalsignalübertragung/Signale, Basisfunktionen und Vektorräume}}
{{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Digital_Signal_Transmission/Signals,_Basis_Functions_and_Vector_Spaces}}


[[File:P_ID1994__Dig_A_4_1.png|right|frame|Zum Gram-Schmidt-Verfahren]]
[[File:P_ID1994__Dig_A_4_1.png|right|frame|Specification for the Gram-Schmidt process]]
Für die vier durch die Abbildung definierten Signale $s_1(t), \, ... \, , s_4(t)$ sind durch Anwendung des sog. Gram–Schmidt–Verfahrens die drei sich ergebenden Basisfunktionen $\varphi_1(t)$, $\varphi_2(t)$ und $\varphi_3(t)$ zu ermitteln, so dass für die Signale mit $i = 1, \, ... \, , 4$ geschrieben werden kann:
For the four signals  $s_1(t), \, \text{...} \, , s_4(t)$  defined by the figure,  the three resulting basis functions  $\varphi_1(t)$,  $\varphi_2(t)$  and  $\varphi_3(t)$  are to be determined by applying the Gram-Schmidt process,  so that for the signals with   $i = 1, \, \text{...} \, , 4$  can be written:
:$$s_i(t) = s_{i1} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{i2} \cdot \varphi_2(t) + s_{i3} \cdot \varphi_3(t)\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
:$$s_i(t) = s_{i1} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{i2} \cdot \varphi_2(t) + s_{i3} \cdot \varphi_3(t)\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


In der Teilaufgabe (1) gelte $A^2 = 1 \ \rm mW$ und $T = 1 \ \rm \mu s$. In den späteren Teilaufgaben sind die Amplitude und die Zeit jeweils normierte Größen: $A = 1$, $T = 1$. Damit sind sowohl die Koeffizienten $s_{\it ij}$ als auch die Basisfunktionen $\varphi_{\it}(t)$ – jeweils mit $j = 1, 2, 3$ – dimensionslose Größen.
*In subtask  '''(1)''',  let  $A^2 = 1 \ \rm mW$  and  $T = 1 \ \rm µ s$.
*In the later subtasks,  the amplitude and the time are normalized quantities:   $A = 1$,  $T = 1$.
*Thus,  both the coefficients  $s_{\it ij}$  and the basis functions  $\varphi_{\it j}(t)$  $($with  $j = 1,\ 2,\ 3)$  are dimensionless quantities.


''Hinweise:''
* Die Aufgabe bezieht sich inhaltlich auf das Kapitel [[Digitalsignal%C3%BCbertragung/Signale,_Basisfunktionen_und_Vektorr%C3%A4ume| Signale, Basisfunktionen und Vektorräume]].
* Auf der Seite 3a des Kapitels ist das [[Digitalsignal%C3%BCbertragung/Signale,_Basisfunktionen_und_Vektorr%C3%A4ume#Das_Verfahren_nach_Gram-Schmidt|Gram–Schmidt–Verfahren]] angegeben, auf der Seite 3b finden Sie ein [https://intern.lntwww.de/cgi-bin/extern/uni.pl?uno=hyperlink&due=block&b_id=2735&hyperlink_typ=block_verweis&hyperlink_fenstergroesse=blockverweis_gross| Berechnungsbeispiel] ähnlich zu dieser Aufgabe.




===Fragebogen===
 
Notes:
*The exercise belongs to the chapter   [[Digital_Signal_Transmission/Signals,_Basis_Functions_and_Vector_Spaces|"Signals, Basis Functions and Vector Spaces"]].
 
*Reference is made in particular to the sections  [[Digital_Signal_Transmission/Signals,_Basis_Functions_and_Vector_Spaces#Orthonormal_basis_functions|"Orthonormal basis functions"]]  and  [[Digital_Signal_Transmission/Signals,_Basis_Functions_and_Vector_Spaces#The_Gram-Schmidt_process|"Gram-Schmidt process"]].
 
 
===Questions===


<quiz display=simple>
<quiz display=simple>
{Welche Einheiten besitzen die folgenden Größen mit $A^2 = 1 \ \rm mW$ und $T = 1 \ {\rm \mu s}$?
{What are the units of the following quantities with&nbsp; $A^2 = 1 \, \rm mW$&nbsp; and&nbsp; $T = 1 \, {\rm &micro; s}$?
|type="[]"}
|type="[]"}
- Die Basisfunktionen $\varphi_j(t)$ sind dimensionslos.
- The basis functions &nbsp;$\varphi_j(t)$&nbsp; are dimensionless.
+ Die Basisfunktionen $\varphi_j(t)$ haben die Einheit ${\rm s}^{\rm &ndash;0.5}$.
+ The basis functions &nbsp;$\varphi_j(t)$&nbsp; have the unit &nbsp;$\rm \sqrt{\rm s}$.
- Die Koeffizienten $s_{\it ij}$ sind dimensionslos.
- The coefficients &nbsp;$s_{\it ij}$&nbsp; are dimensionless.
+ Die Koeffizienten $s_{\it ij}$ haben die Einheit $({\rm Ws})^{\rm 0.5}$.
+ The coefficients &nbsp;$s_{\it ij}$&nbsp; have the unit &nbsp;$\rm \sqrt{\rm Ws}$.


{Führen Sie den ersten Schritt des Gram&ndash;Schmidt&ndash;Verfahrens durch. Wie für die weiteren Aufgaben gelte $A = 1$ und $T = 1$.  
{Perform the first step of the Gram-Schmidt process.&nbsp; As for the other tasks,&nbsp; let &nbsp;$A = 1$&nbsp; and &nbsp;$T = 1$ hold.  
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$s_{\rm 11}$ = { 1.414 3% }
$s_{\rm 11} \ = \ $ { 1.414 3% }
$s_{\rm 12}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 12} \ = \ $ { 0. }
$s_{\rm 13}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 13} \ = \ $ { 0. }


{Wie lauten die Koeffizienten des Signals $s_2(t)$ mit $A = 1$ und $T = 1$?
{What are the coefficients of the signal&nbsp; $s_2(t)$&nbsp; with &nbsp;$A = 1$ &nbsp;and&nbsp; $T = 1$?
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$s_{\rm 21}$ = { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 21} \ = \ $ { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 22}$ = { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 22} \ = \ $ { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 23}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 23} \ = \ $ { 0. }


{Wie lauten die Koeffizienten des Signals $s_3(t)$ mit $A = 1$ und $T = 1$?
{What are the coefficients of the signal&nbsp; $s_3(t)$&nbsp; with &nbsp;$A = 1$ &nbsp;and&nbsp; $T = 1$?
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$s_{\rm 31}$ = { -0.72821--0.68579 }
$s_{\rm 31} \ = \ $ { -0.72821--0.68579 }
$s_{\rm 32}$ = { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 32} \ = \ $ { 0.707 3% }
$s_{\rm 33}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 33} \ = \ $ { 0. }


{Wie lauten die Koeffizienten des Signals $s_4(t)$ mit $A = 1$ und $T = 1$?
{What are the coefficients of the signal&nbsp; $s_4(t)$&nbsp; with &nbsp;$A = 1$ &nbsp;and&nbsp; $T = 1$?
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$s_{\rm 41}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 41} \ = \ $ { 0. }
$s_{\rm 42}$ = { 0 3% }
$s_{\rm 42} \ = \ $ { 0. }
$s_{\rm 43}$ = { 1 3% }
$s_{\rm 43} \ = \ $ { 1 3% }
</quiz>
</quiz>


===Musterlösung===
===Solution===
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'''(1)'''&nbsp; Jede orthonormale Basisfunktion soll die Energie 1 aufweisen, das heißt, es muss gelten:
'''(1)'''&nbsp; <u>Solutions 2 and 4</u>&nbsp; are correct:
:$$||\varphi_j(t)||^2 =  \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\varphi_j(t)^2\,{\rm d}  t = 1  
*Every orthonormal basis function should have energy&nbsp; $1$,&nbsp; that is,&nbsp; it must hold:
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
:$$||\varphi_j(t)||^2 =  \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\varphi_j(t)^2\,{\rm d}  t = 1\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
 
*For this condition to be satisfied,&nbsp; the basis function must have unit&nbsp; $\rm \sqrt{\rm s}$.&nbsp;
Damit diese Bedingung zu erfüllen ist, muss die Basisfunktion die Einheit ${\rm s}^{\rm &ndash;0.5}$ besitzen. Weiterhin ist die Gleichung
*Another equation to be considered is
:$$s_i(t) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N}s_{ij} \cdot \varphi_j(t)$$
:$$s_i(t) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N}s_{ij} \cdot \varphi_j(t).$$
 
*Like the parameter&nbsp; $A$,&nbsp; the signals themselves have the unit&nbsp; $\rm \sqrt{\rm W}$.&nbsp;
zu berücksichtigen. Die Signale selbst weisen wie $A$ die Einheit ${\rm W}^{\rm 0.5}$ auf. Wegen der Einheit ${\rm s}^{\rm &ndash;0.5}$ von $\varphi_{\rm j}(t)$ ist diese Gleichung nur dann mit der richtigen Dimension zu erfüllen, wenn die Koeffizienten $s_{\it ij}$ mit der Einheit $({\rm Ws})^{\rm 0.5}$ angegeben werden. Richtig sind also die <u>Lösungsvorschläge 2 und 4</u>.  
*Because of the unit&nbsp; $\rm \sqrt{\rm 1/s}$&nbsp; of&nbsp; $\varphi_{ j}(t)$,&nbsp; this equation can be satisfied with the correct dimension only if the coefficients&nbsp; $s_{\it ij}$&nbsp; are given with the unit&nbsp; $\rm \sqrt{\rm Ws}$.




'''(2)'''&nbsp; Die Energie des Signals $s_1(t)$ ist gleich $E_1 = 2$. Daraus folgt für die Norm, für die Basisfunktion $\varphi_1(t)$ sowie für den Koeffizienten $s_{\rm 11}$:
:$$||s_1(t)|| =  \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.2cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.2cm}
s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


Die weiteren Koeffizienten sind $\underline {s_{\rm 12} = s_{\rm 13} = 0}$, da die zugehörigen Basisfunktionen bisher noch gar nicht gefunden wurden, während $\varphi_1(t)$ formgleich mit $s_1(t)$ ist.
'''(2)'''&nbsp; The energy of the signal&nbsp; $s_1(t)$ &nbsp;is equal to&nbsp; $E_1 = 2$.&nbsp;
*It follows for the norm,&nbsp; the basis function&nbsp; $\varphi_1(t)$&nbsp; and the coefficient&nbsp; $s_{\rm 11}$:
:$$||s_1(t)|| =  \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.9cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.9cm}s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
*The other coefficients are&nbsp; $\underline {s_{\rm 12} = s_{\rm 13} = 0}$,&nbsp; since the associated basis functions have not been found at all yet,&nbsp; while&nbsp; $\varphi_1(t)$&nbsp; is equal in form to&nbsp; $s_1(t)$.




'''(3)'''&nbsp; Da nach Berücksichtigung von $s_2(t)$ höchstens zwei Basisfunktionen gefunden sind, gilt mit Sicherheit $s_{\rm 23} \hspace{0.15cm} \underline{= 0}$. Dagegen erhält man für den Koeffizienten
:$$||s_1(t)|| =  \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.2cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.2cm}
s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


für die Hilfsfunktion $\theta_2(t)$:
'''(3)'''&nbsp; Since at most two basis functions are found after considering $s_2(t)$ &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; $s_{\rm 23} \hspace{0.15cm} \underline{= 0}$ holds with certainty.&nbsp; On the other hand one obtains
:$$\theta_2(t) = s_2(t) - s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 1 - 0.707 \cdot 0.707 = 0.5\\
*for the coefficient
0 - 0.707 \cdot (-0.707) = 0.5  \end{array} \right.\quad
:$$||s_1(t)|| = \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.9cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.9cm}s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }\hspace{0.05cm};$$
\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 1
\\  1 \le t < 2 \\ \end{array}
\hspace{0.05cm}, $$


für die zweite Basisfunktion:
*for the auxiliary function $\theta_2(t)$:
:$$\varphi_2(t) = \frac{\theta_2(t)}{||\theta_2(t)||},\hspace{0.2cm}
:$$\theta_2(t) = s_2(t) - s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 1 - 0.707 \cdot 0.707 = 0.5\\0 - 0.707 \cdot (-0.707) = 0.5 \end{array} \right.\quad\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 1\\  1 \le t < 2 \\ \end{array}\hspace{0.05cm}; $$
||\theta_2(t)|| = \sqrt{0.5^2 + 0.5^2} = \sqrt{0.5} \approx 0.707$$
:$$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \varphi_2(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 0.5/0.707 = 0.707\\
  \end{array} \right.\quad
\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 2
\\  2 \le t < 3 \\ \end{array}
\hspace{0.05cm}, $$


und schließlich für den zweiten Koeffizienten
*for the second basis function:
:$$s_{22}  = \hspace{0.1cm} < \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t), \hspace{0.1cm}\varphi_2(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} > \hspace{0.1cm} = 1 \cdot 0.707 + 0 \cdot 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline = 0.707}
:$$\varphi_2(t) = \frac{\theta_2(t)}{||\theta_2(t)||},\hspace{0.2cm}||\theta_2(t)|| = \sqrt{0.5^2 + 0.5^2} = \sqrt{0.5} \approx 0.707$$
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
:$$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \varphi_2(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 0.5/0.707 = 0.707\\0  \end{array} \right.\quad\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 2\\ 2 \le t < 3 \\ \end{array}\hspace{0.05cm}; $$


Die Berechnungen sind in der nachfolgenden Grafik verdeutlicht.
*and finally for the second coefficient
:$$s_{22}  = \hspace{0.1cm} < \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t), \hspace{0.1cm}\varphi_2(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} > \hspace{0.1cm} = 1 \cdot 0.707 + 0 \cdot 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {  = 0.707}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
[[File:P_ID1995__Dig_A_4_1c.png|right|frame|Gram-Schmidt calculations]]


[[File:P_ID1995__Dig_A_4_1c.png|center|frame|Gram-Schmidt-Berechnungen]]
The calculations are illustrated in the graph below.




'''(4)'''&nbsp; Man erkennt sofort, dass $s_3(t)$ sich als Linearkombination aus $s_1(t)$ und $s_2(t)$ ausdrücken lässt.
'''(4)'''&nbsp; It can be seen immediately that&nbsp; $s_3(t)$&nbsp; can be expressed as a linear combination of&nbsp; $s_1(t)$&nbsp; and&nbsp; $s_2(t)$.
:$$s_{3}(t)  = -s_{1}(t) + s_{2}(t)\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}s_{31} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{11} + s_{21} = -1.414 + 0.707 = \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {-0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
:$$s_{3}(t)  = -s_{1}(t) + s_{2}(t),$$
:$$s_{31} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{11} + s_{21} = -1.414 + 0.707 = \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {-0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
:$$s_{32} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{12} + s_{22} = 0 + 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
:$$s_{32} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{12} + s_{22} = 0 + 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
:$$s_{33} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{13} + s_{23} = 0 + 0 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0}\hspace{0.05cm}. $$
:$$s_{33} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{13} + s_{23} = 0 + 0 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0}\hspace{0.05cm}. $$




'''(5)'''&nbsp; Der Bereich $2 &#8804; t &#8804; 3$ wird weder von $\varphi_1(t)$ noch von $\varphi_2(t)$ abgedeckt. Deshalb liefert $s_4(t)$ die neue Basisfunktion $\varphi_3(t)$. Da außerdem $s_4(t)$ nur Anteile im Bereich $2 &#8804; t &#8804; 3$ aufweist und $||s_4(t) = 1$ ist, ergibt sich $\varphi_3(t) = s_4(t)$ sowie
'''(5)'''&nbsp; The range&nbsp; $2 &#8804; t &#8804; 3$&nbsp; is not covered by&nbsp; $\varphi_1(t)$&nbsp; and&nbsp; $\varphi_2(t)$.  
*Therefore,&nbsp; $s_4(t)$&nbsp; provides the new basis function&nbsp; $\varphi_3(t)$.&nbsp;
*Since $s_4(t)$&nbsp; has components only in the range&nbsp; $2 &#8804; t &#8804; 3$ and $||s_4(t)|| = 1$,&nbsp; we obtain&nbsp; $\varphi_3(t) = s_4(t)$&nbsp; as well as
:$$s_{41} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0},  \hspace{0.2cm}s_{42} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0},  \hspace{0.2cm}s_{43} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 1} \hspace{0.05cm}.  $$
:$$s_{41} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0},  \hspace{0.2cm}s_{42} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0},  \hspace{0.2cm}s_{43} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 1} \hspace{0.05cm}.  $$
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[[Category:Aufgaben zu Digitalsignalübertragung|^4.1 Signale, Basisfunktionen, Vektorräume^]]
[[Category:Digital Signal Transmission: Exercises|^4.1 Basis Functions & Vector Spaces^]]
[[de:Aufgaben:Aufgabe 4.1: Zum Gram-Schmidt-Verfahren]]

Latest revision as of 17:56, 16 March 2026

Specification for the Gram-Schmidt process

For the four signals  $s_1(t), \, \text{...} \, , s_4(t)$  defined by the figure,  the three resulting basis functions  $\varphi_1(t)$,  $\varphi_2(t)$  and  $\varphi_3(t)$  are to be determined by applying the Gram-Schmidt process,  so that for the signals with   $i = 1, \, \text{...} \, , 4$  can be written:

$$s_i(t) = s_{i1} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{i2} \cdot \varphi_2(t) + s_{i3} \cdot \varphi_3(t)\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • In subtask  (1),  let  $A^2 = 1 \ \rm mW$  and  $T = 1 \ \rm µ s$.
  • In the later subtasks,  the amplitude and the time are normalized quantities:   $A = 1$,  $T = 1$.
  • Thus,  both the coefficients  $s_{\it ij}$  and the basis functions  $\varphi_{\it j}(t)$  $($with  $j = 1,\ 2,\ 3)$  are dimensionless quantities.



Notes:


Questions

1 What are the units of the following quantities with  $A^2 = 1 \, \rm mW$  and  $T = 1 \, {\rm µ s}$?

The basis functions  $\varphi_j(t)$  are dimensionless.
The basis functions  $\varphi_j(t)$  have the unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm s}$.
The coefficients  $s_{\it ij}$  are dimensionless.
The coefficients  $s_{\it ij}$  have the unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm Ws}$.

2 Perform the first step of the Gram-Schmidt process.  As for the other tasks,  let  $A = 1$  and  $T = 1$ hold.

$s_{\rm 11} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 12} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 13} \ = \ $

3 What are the coefficients of the signal  $s_2(t)$  with  $A = 1$  and  $T = 1$?

$s_{\rm 21} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 22} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 23} \ = \ $

4 What are the coefficients of the signal  $s_3(t)$  with  $A = 1$  and  $T = 1$?

$s_{\rm 31} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 32} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 33} \ = \ $

5 What are the coefficients of the signal  $s_4(t)$  with  $A = 1$  and  $T = 1$?

$s_{\rm 41} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 42} \ = \ $
$s_{\rm 43} \ = \ $


Solution

(1)  Solutions 2 and 4  are correct:

  • Every orthonormal basis function should have energy  $1$,  that is,  it must hold:
$$||\varphi_j(t)||^2 = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\varphi_j(t)^2\,{\rm d} t = 1\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • For this condition to be satisfied,  the basis function must have unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm s}$. 
  • Another equation to be considered is
$$s_i(t) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N}s_{ij} \cdot \varphi_j(t).$$
  • Like the parameter  $A$,  the signals themselves have the unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm W}$. 
  • Because of the unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm 1/s}$  of  $\varphi_{ j}(t)$,  this equation can be satisfied with the correct dimension only if the coefficients  $s_{\it ij}$  are given with the unit  $\rm \sqrt{\rm Ws}$.


(2)  The energy of the signal  $s_1(t)$  is equal to  $E_1 = 2$. 

  • It follows for the norm,  the basis function  $\varphi_1(t)$  and the coefficient  $s_{\rm 11}$:
$$||s_1(t)|| = \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.9cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.9cm}s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • The other coefficients are  $\underline {s_{\rm 12} = s_{\rm 13} = 0}$,  since the associated basis functions have not been found at all yet,  while  $\varphi_1(t)$  is equal in form to  $s_1(t)$.


(3)  Since at most two basis functions are found after considering $s_2(t)$   ⇒   $s_{\rm 23} \hspace{0.15cm} \underline{= 0}$ holds with certainty.  On the other hand one obtains

  • for the coefficient
$$||s_1(t)|| = \sqrt{2},\hspace{0.9cm}\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||},\hspace{0.9cm}s_{11} = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{2} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { {\approx 1.414} }\hspace{0.05cm};$$
  • for the auxiliary function $\theta_2(t)$:
$$\theta_2(t) = s_2(t) - s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 1 - 0.707 \cdot 0.707 = 0.5\\0 - 0.707 \cdot (-0.707) = 0.5 \end{array} \right.\quad\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 1\\ 1 \le t < 2 \\ \end{array}\hspace{0.05cm}; $$
  • for the second basis function:
$$\varphi_2(t) = \frac{\theta_2(t)}{||\theta_2(t)||},\hspace{0.2cm}||\theta_2(t)|| = \sqrt{0.5^2 + 0.5^2} = \sqrt{0.5} \approx 0.707$$
$$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \varphi_2(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 0.5/0.707 = 0.707\\0 \end{array} \right.\quad\begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < 2\\ 2 \le t < 3 \\ \end{array}\hspace{0.05cm}; $$
  • and finally for the second coefficient
$$s_{22} = \hspace{0.1cm} < \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t), \hspace{0.1cm}\varphi_2(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} > \hspace{0.1cm} = 1 \cdot 0.707 + 0 \cdot 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 0.707}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Gram-Schmidt calculations

The calculations are illustrated in the graph below.


(4)  It can be seen immediately that  $s_3(t)$  can be expressed as a linear combination of  $s_1(t)$  and  $s_2(t)$.

$$s_{3}(t) = -s_{1}(t) + s_{2}(t),$$
$$s_{31} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{11} + s_{21} = -1.414 + 0.707 = \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {-0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
$$s_{32} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{12} + s_{22} = 0 + 0.707 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0.707}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
$$s_{33} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} - s_{13} + s_{23} = 0 + 0 \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0}\hspace{0.05cm}. $$


(5)  The range  $2 ≤ t ≤ 3$  is not covered by  $\varphi_1(t)$  and  $\varphi_2(t)$.

  • Therefore,  $s_4(t)$  provides the new basis function  $\varphi_3(t)$. 
  • Since $s_4(t)$  has components only in the range  $2 ≤ t ≤ 3$ and $||s_4(t)|| = 1$,  we obtain  $\varphi_3(t) = s_4(t)$  as well as
$$s_{41} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0}, \hspace{0.2cm}s_{42} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 0}, \hspace{0.2cm}s_{43} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 1} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$