Aufgaben:Exercise 1.7: System Efficiencies

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Transmission pulse  "Trapezoid"

The receiver of a binary transmission system with symbol duration  $T$  consists of an integrator,  which is represented by the impulse response

$$h_{\rm E}(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} 1/T \\ 0 \\ \end{array} \right.\quad \begin{array}{*{1}c} {\rm{for}} \\ {\rm{for}} \\ \end{array}\begin{array}{*{20}c} \hspace{0.05cm}|t| < T/2 \hspace{0.05cm}, \\ |t| > T/2\hspace{0.05cm}. \\ \end{array}$$

This is followed by a threshold decision with optimal parameters.

The basic transmission pulse  $g_{s}(t)$  according to the diagram is generally trapezoidal and is parameterized by the time  $T_{1}$: 

• For  $T_{1} = 0$  the result is a triangular pulse,  for  $T_{1} = T$  the NRZ rectangle.
• The absolute pulse duration  $T_{\rm S}$  is always equal to the symbol duration  $T$,  i.e. the spacing between two transmission pulses.

The signal-to-noise power ratio  $\rm (SNR)$  before the threshold decision can be calculated as follows,  assuming no intersymbol interfering:

$$\rho_d = {g_0^2}/{\sigma_d^2}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Here,  $g_{0} = g_{d}(t = 0)$  is the maximum value of the basic transmission pulse,  and

$$\sigma_d^2 = {N_0}/{2} \cdot \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}|h_{\rm E}(t)|^2 \,{\rm d} t = \frac{N_0}{2 \cdot T}$$

the noise power after the receiver filter in the presence of AWGN noise at its input.

In the course of this exercise,  the following quantities will be used:

• $\rho_{d,\rm\hspace{0.08cm} max \hspace{0.03cm}|\hspace{0.03cm} L}$  is the maximum SNR under the constraint of  "power limitation".
• $\rho_{d,\rm\hspace{0.08cm} max \hspace{0.03cm}|\hspace{0.03cm} A}$  is the maximum SNR under the constraint of  "peak limitation"  (or  "amplitude limitation").

These definitions can be used to specify the system efficiencies:

$$\eta_{\rm L} = \ \frac{\rho_d}{\rho_{d, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm max \hspace{0.05cm}|\hspace{0.05cm} L}}}\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\eta_{\rm A} = \ \frac{\rho_d}{\rho_{d, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm max\hspace{0.05cm} | \hspace{0.05cm} A}}} = {1}/{C_{\rm S}^2}\cdot \eta_{\rm L} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Here,  the  "crest factor"   $C_{\rm S}$  denotes the ratio between the maximum value and the rms value  (root of power)  of the transmitted signal  $s(t)$.

Notes:

• The exercise belongs to the chapter  "Optimization of Baseband Transmission Systems".

• Use the following numerical values to solve the exercise:

$$s_0^2 = 10\,{\rm mW},\hspace{0.2cm}T = 3\,{\rm{ µ s}}, \hspace{0.2cm}N_0 = 3 \cdot 10^{-10}\,{\rm W/Hz}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Questions

1

Calculate the pulse energy  $E_{\rm B}$  as a function of  $T_{1}$.  What are the values for  $T_{1} = 0$,   $T_{1} = T/2$  and  $T_{1} = T$?

$T_{1} = 0\text{:} \hspace{0.75cm} E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ $\ \cdot 10^{-8} \, \rm Ws$

$T_{1} = T/2\text{:}\hspace{0.2cm} E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ $\ \cdot 10^{-8} \, \rm Ws$

$T_{1} = T\text{:}\hspace{0.65cm} E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ $\ \cdot 10^{-8} \, \rm Ws$

2

What value  $T_{1}$  leads to the maximum possible SNR when the power is limited?

$T_{1}/T \ = \ $

3

Therefore,  what is the maximum SNR with power limitation?

$\rho_{d,\hspace{0.08cm}\rm max \hspace{0.05cm}|\hspace{0.05cm} L} \ = \ $

4

How large is the basic transmitter pulse  $g_{d}(t)$  in pulse center for  $T_{1} = T/2$?

$g_{0} \ = \ $ $\ \rm \sqrt{W}$

5

Calculate the system efficiency  $\eta_{\rm L}$  when the power is limited  $(T_{1} = T/2)$.

$\eta_{\rm L} \ = \ $

6

Calculate the crest factor  $(T_{1} = T/2)$.

$C_{\rm S} \ = \ $

7

Calculate the system efficiency at peak limitation  $(T_{1} = T/2)$.

$\eta_{\rm A} \ = \ $

Solution

Solution

(1)  To simplify the calculations,  we set  $T_1' = T_1/2$  and  $T_2' = (T - T_1)/2$.

• This gives for the transmitted pulse energy:

$$E_{\rm B} = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}g_s^2(t) \,{\rm d} t = 2 \cdot \int_{0}^{T_1\hspace{0.0cm}'}g_s^2(t) \,{\rm d} t\hspace{0.2cm}+ \hspace{0.2cm}2 \cdot \int_{T_1\hspace{0.0cm}'}^{T/2}g_s^2(t) \,{\rm d} t \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• According to this division,  it can also be written:

$${E_{\rm B}}/{2} = s_0^2 \cdot T_1\hspace{0.0cm}' + E_2 \hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm with}\hspace{0.3cm} E_{\rm 2} = \ \int_{T_1\hspace{0.0cm}'}^{T/2}g_s^2(t) \,{\rm d} t = s_0^2 \cdot \int_{0}^{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'}\left ( 1 - \frac {t}{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'}\right )^2 \,{\rm d} t $$

$$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}E_{\rm 2} = \ s_0^2 \cdot \left [ \int_{0}^{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'}\,\,{\rm d} t- \frac {2}{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'} \cdot \int_{0}^{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'}t \,\,{\rm d} t + \frac {1}{(T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'\hspace{0.02cm})^2} \cdot \int_{0}^{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'}t^2 \,\,{\rm d} t\right ] = \ s_0^2 \cdot \left [ {T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'} - \frac {2}{T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'} \cdot \frac {(T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'\hspace{0.02cm})^2}{2} + \frac {1}{(T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'\hspace{0.02cm})^2} \cdot \frac {(T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'\hspace{0.02cm})^3}{3}\right ] = s_0^2 \cdot\frac {T_2\hspace{0.0cm}'\hspace{0.02cm}}{3} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Substituted into the above equation one obtains:

$${E_{\rm B}}/{2} = s_0^2 \cdot \frac {T_1}{2}+ s_0^2 \cdot \frac {T-T_1}{2 \cdot 3}= s_0^2 \cdot \left [\frac{T}{6} + \frac{T_1}{3}\right ]\hspace{0.3cm} \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow E_{\rm B} = {s_0^2}/{3}\cdot \left (T + 2 \cdot T_1 \right )\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• With the given values  ${s_{0}}^{2} = 10 \ \rm mW$  and  $T = 3\ \rm µ s$  we obtain:

$$T_1 = 0\text{:} \hspace{0.75cm} {E_{\rm B}} = \ 1/3 \cdot{s_0^2 \cdot T}= 1/3 \cdot {10^{-2}\,{\rm W} \cdot 3 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm s}} \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 1 \cdot 10^{-8}\,{\rm Ws}}\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$T_1 = T/2\text{:} \hspace{0.2cm} {E_{\rm B}} = \ 2/3 \cdot{ s_0^2 \cdot T}= \hspace{2.6cm}\text{...} \hspace{1.4cm}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 2 \cdot 10^{-8}\,{\rm Ws}} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$T_1 = T\text{:} \hspace{0.65cm} {E_{\rm B}} = \ { s_0^2 \cdot T}= \hspace{3.65cm}\text{...} \hspace{1.4cm}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 3 \cdot 10^{-8}\,{\rm Ws}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(2)  The system efficiency under power limitation is maximum  $(\eta_{\rm L} = 1)$,  when the basic transmission pulse  $g_{s}(t)$  has the same shape as the impulse response $h_{\rm E}(t)$. 

• This is true here for the NRZ transmitted pulse:   $T_1/T \ \underline{= 1}$.

(3)  Under the condition given in question  (2),  the maximum SNR is obtained:

$$\rho_{d, \hspace{0.05cm}{\rm max \hspace{0.05cm}| \hspace{0.05cm} L}}= \frac{2 \cdot E_{\rm B}}{N_0} = \frac{2 \cdot 3 \cdot 10^{-8}\,{\rm Ws}}{3 \cdot 10^{-10}\,{\rm W/Hz}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 200} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(4)  In general,  $g_{d}(t) = g_{s}(t) ∗ h_{\rm E}(t)$.  For  $t = 0$,  $T_1 = T/2$  gives the trapezoidal area for this:

$$g_0 = g_d(t=0) = \frac{1}{T} \cdot \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}g_s(t) \,{\rm d} t = \frac{T + T_1}{2} \cdot s_0 = 0.75 \cdot 0.1 \cdot \sqrt{\rm W} \hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0.075 \,\sqrt{\rm W}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(5)  With  $T_1 = T/2$  (trapezoidal transmitted pulses),  we obtain for the signal-to-noise ratio:

$$\rho_d = \frac{g_0^2}{\sigma_d^2}\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm with}\hspace{0.3cm} g_0^2=0.075^2\, {\rm W},\hspace{0.1cm} \sigma_d^2 = \frac{N_0}{2 \cdot T} = 5 \cdot 10^{-5}\,{\rm W}\hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}\rho_d = \frac{0.075^2\, {\rm W}}{5 \cdot 10^{-5}\,{\rm W}} = 112.5 \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Thus,  the system efficiency under power limitation with the result of  (3):

$$\eta_{\rm L} = \frac{\rho_d}{\rho_{d, \hspace{0.05cm}{\rm max \hspace{0.05cm} | \hspace{0.05cm} L}}}= \frac{112.5}{200}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline {= 0.5625 }\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Due to the mismatch, $\eta_{\rm L} < 1$.

(6)  With the maximum value  $s_{0}$  and the result of  (1):

$$s_{\rm eff} = \sqrt{{ E_{\rm B}}/{T}}= \sqrt{{ 2/3 \cdot s_{0}^2}} \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}C_{\rm S} ={ s_{\rm 0}}/{s_{\rm eff}}= \sqrt{{ 3}/{2}}\hspace{0.1cm}\underline { \approx 1.225}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(7)  The system efficiency under peak limitation is smaller than that under power limitation, 
because the non-optimal transmitted signal  (too small energy)  plays a role here in addition to the mismatch:

$$\eta_{\rm A} = \frac{1}{C_{\rm S}^2}\cdot \eta_{\rm L} = \frac{ 2}{3} \cdot 0.5625 =\hspace{0.1cm}\underline { 0.375} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$