Aufgaben:Exercise 3.10: Metric Calculation: Difference between revisions
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{{quiz-Header|Buchseite= | {{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes}} | ||
[[File:P_ID2681__KC_A_3_10.png|right|frame| | [[File:P_ID2681__KC_A_3_10.png|right|frame|Only partially evaluated trellis]] | ||
In the [[Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes#Preliminary_remarks_on_the_following_decoding_examples| $\text{theory section}$]] of this chapter, the calculation of the branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ has been discussed in detail, based on the Hamming distance $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}\hspace{0.05cm}', \ \underline{y}_i)$ between | |||
*the possible code words $\underline{x}\hspace{0.05cm}' ∈ \{00, \, 01, \, 10, \, 11\}$ | |||
*and the 2–bit–words $\underline{y}_i$ received at time $i$. | |||
* | |||
The exercise deals exactly with this topic. In the adjacent graph | |||
* ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_0) + d_{\rm H}((00), \ (01)) = 3 + 1 = 4$, | * the considered trellis is shown – valid for the code with rate $R = 1/2$, memory $m = 2$ and | ||
:$$\mathbf{G}(D) = (1 + D + D^2, \ 1 + D^2),$$ | |||
* the received words $\underline{y}_1 = (01), \hspace{0.05cm}\text{ ...} \hspace{0.05cm} , \ \underline{y}_7 = (11)$ are indicated in the rectangles, | |||
* all branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_0(S_{\mu}), \hspace{0.05cm}\text{ ...} \hspace{0.05cm} , \ {\it \Gamma}_4(S_{\mu})$ are already entered. | |||
For example, the branch metric ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ with $\underline{y}_4 = (01)$ as the minimum of the two comparison values | |||
* ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_0) + d_{\rm H}((00), \ (01)) = 3 + 1 = 4$, and | |||
* ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_2) + d_{\rm H}((11), \ (01)) = 2 + 1 = 3$. | * ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_2) + d_{\rm H}((11), \ (01)) = 2 + 1 = 3$. | ||
The surviving branch – here from ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_2)$ to ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ – is drawn solid, the eliminated branch from ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_0)$ to ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ dotted. Red arrows represent the information bit $u_i = 0$, blue arrows $u_i = 1$. | |||
In subtask '''(4)''' shall be worked out the relationship between | |||
*the ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ minimization and | |||
*the ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ maximization. | |||
Here, we refer to the nodes ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ as "correlation metrics", where the metric increment over the predecessor nodes results from the correlation value $〈\underline{x}_i\hspace{0.05cm}', \, \underline{y}_i 〉$. For more details on this topic, see the following theory sections: | |||
:# [[Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes#Relationship_between_Hamming_distance_and_correlation| "Relationship between Hamming distance and correlation"]] | |||
:# [[Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes#Viterbi_algorithm_based_on_correlation_and_metrics| "Viterbi algorithm based on correlation and metrics"]] | |||
:# [[Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes#Viterbi_decision_for_non-terminated_convolutional_codes| "Viterbi decision for non–terminated convolutional codes"]]. | |||
<u>Hints:</u> | |||
* The exercise refers to the chapter [[Channel_Coding/Decoding_of_Convolutional_Codes| "Decoding Convolutional Codes"]]. | |||
* | |||
* For the time being, the search of surviving paths is not considered. | |||
*This will be dealt with for the same example in the later [[Aufgaben:Exercise_3.11:_Viterbi_Path_Finding| $\text{Exercise 3.11}$]]. | |||
* | |||
=== | |||
===Questions=== | |||
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
{ | {What are the branch metrics for time $i = 5$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
${\it \Gamma}_5(S_0) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ${\it \Gamma}_5(S_0) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ||
| Line 38: | Line 58: | ||
${\it \Gamma}_5(S_3) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ${\it \Gamma}_5(S_3) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ||
{ | {What are the branch metrics for time $i = 6$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
${\it \Gamma}_6(S_0) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ${\it \Gamma}_6(S_0) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ||
${\it \Gamma}_6(S_2) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ${\it \Gamma}_6(S_2) \ = \ ${ 3 3% } | ||
{ | {What is the final value of this trellis based on ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$? | ||
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
+ | + It holds ${\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) = 3$. | ||
- | - This final value suggests one error-free transmission. | ||
+ | + This final value suggests three transmission errors. | ||
{ | {Which statements are true for the ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ evaluation? | ||
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
+ | + The correlation metrics ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ provide the same information as ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$. | ||
+ | + For all nodes, ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu}) = 2 \cdot \big [i \, –{\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})\big ]$. | ||
- | - For the metric increments, $〈 \underline{x}_i', \, \underline{y}_i 〉 ∈ \{0, \, 1, \, 2\}$. | ||
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
=== | ===Solution=== | ||
{{ML-Kopf}} | {{ML-Kopf}} | ||
'''(1)''' | '''(1)''' At all nodes $S_{\mu}$ a decision must be made between the two incoming branches. The branch that led to the (minimum) error metric ${\it \Gamma}_5(S_{\mu})$ is then selected in each case. With $\underline{y}_5 = (01)$ one obtains: | ||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | :$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$ | ||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_1) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$ | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_1) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | :$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = {\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 2}\hspace{0.05cm},$$ | ||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_3) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+0\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+2 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$ | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_5(S_3) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | |||
'''(2)''' | [[File:P_ID2682__KC_A_3_10c_neu.png|right|frame|Evaluated trellis diagrams]] | ||
:$${\it \Gamma}_6(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | <br><br><br><br> | ||
The left sketch in the graph shows the final evaluated ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ trellis. | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_6(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = | <br clear=all> | ||
'''(2)''' At time $i = 6$ the termination is already effective and there are only two branch metrics left. For these one obtains with $\underline{y}_6 = (01)$: | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_6(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$ | |||
:$${\it \Gamma}_6(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 3+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$ | |||
'''(3)''' | '''(3)''' The final value results to | ||
:$${\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big ) \right ] = | :$${\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 3+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$ | ||
*With the BSC model, one can infer from ${\it \Gamma}_7(S_{\mu}) = 3$ that three transmission errors occurred ⇒ <u>solutions 1 and 3</u>. | |||
'''(4)''' | '''(4)''' Correct are the <u>statements 1 and 2</u>: | ||
*Maximizing the correlation branch metrics ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ according to the right sketch in the above graph gives the same result as minimizing the Hamming branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ shown on the left. | |||
*Also, the surviving and deleted branches are identical in both graphs. | |||
*The given equation is also correct, which is shown here only on the example $i = 7$: | |||
:$${\it \Lambda}_7(S_0)) = 2 \cdot \big [i - {\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) \big ] = 2 \cdot \big [7 - 3 \big ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 8}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$ | |||
*The last statement is false. Rather applies $〈x_i', \, y_i〉 ∈ \{–2, \, 0, \, +2\}$. | |||
*In [[Aufgaben:Exercise_3.11:_Viterbi_Path_Finding| $\text{Exercise 3.11}$]], the path finding will be demonstrated for the same example, assuming ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ metrics as shown in the right graph. | |||
{{ML-Fuß}} | {{ML-Fuß}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Channel Coding: Exercises|^3.4 Decoding of Convolutional Codes^]] | ||
[[de:Aufgaben:Aufgabe 3.10: Fehlergrößenberechnung]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:58, 16 March 2026

In the $\text{theory section}$ of this chapter, the calculation of the branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ has been discussed in detail, based on the Hamming distance $d_{\rm H}(\underline{x}\hspace{0.05cm}', \ \underline{y}_i)$ between
- the possible code words $\underline{x}\hspace{0.05cm}' ∈ \{00, \, 01, \, 10, \, 11\}$
- and the 2–bit–words $\underline{y}_i$ received at time $i$.
The exercise deals exactly with this topic. In the adjacent graph
- the considered trellis is shown – valid for the code with rate $R = 1/2$, memory $m = 2$ and
- $$\mathbf{G}(D) = (1 + D + D^2, \ 1 + D^2),$$
- the received words $\underline{y}_1 = (01), \hspace{0.05cm}\text{ ...} \hspace{0.05cm} , \ \underline{y}_7 = (11)$ are indicated in the rectangles,
- all branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_0(S_{\mu}), \hspace{0.05cm}\text{ ...} \hspace{0.05cm} , \ {\it \Gamma}_4(S_{\mu})$ are already entered.
For example, the branch metric ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ with $\underline{y}_4 = (01)$ as the minimum of the two comparison values
- ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_0) + d_{\rm H}((00), \ (01)) = 3 + 1 = 4$, and
- ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_2) + d_{\rm H}((11), \ (01)) = 2 + 1 = 3$.
The surviving branch – here from ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_2)$ to ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ – is drawn solid, the eliminated branch from ${\it \Gamma}_3(S_0)$ to ${\it \Gamma}_4(S_0)$ dotted. Red arrows represent the information bit $u_i = 0$, blue arrows $u_i = 1$.
In subtask (4) shall be worked out the relationship between
- the ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ minimization and
- the ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ maximization.
Here, we refer to the nodes ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ as "correlation metrics", where the metric increment over the predecessor nodes results from the correlation value $〈\underline{x}_i\hspace{0.05cm}', \, \underline{y}_i 〉$. For more details on this topic, see the following theory sections:
Hints:
- The exercise refers to the chapter "Decoding Convolutional Codes".
- For the time being, the search of surviving paths is not considered.
- This will be dealt with for the same example in the later $\text{Exercise 3.11}$.
Questions
Solution
- $${\it \Gamma}_5(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${\it \Gamma}_5(S_1) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${\it \Gamma}_5(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] = {\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 2}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${\it \Gamma}_5(S_3) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{4}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+0\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+2 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The left sketch in the graph shows the final evaluated ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ trellis.
(2) At time $i = 6$ the termination is already effective and there are only two branch metrics left. For these one obtains with $\underline{y}_6 = (01)$:
- $${\it \Gamma}_6(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 2+1 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${\it \Gamma}_6(S_2) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_1) + d_{\rm H} \big ((10)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{5}(S_3) + d_{\rm H} \big ((01)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (01) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 3+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(3) The final value results to
- $${\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm}{\rm min} \left [{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_0) + d_{\rm H} \big ((00)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm}{\it \Gamma}_{6}(S_2) + d_{\rm H} \big ((11)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} (11) \big ) \right ] ={\rm min} \left [ 3+2\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 3+0 \right ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- With the BSC model, one can infer from ${\it \Gamma}_7(S_{\mu}) = 3$ that three transmission errors occurred ⇒ solutions 1 and 3.
(4) Correct are the statements 1 and 2:
- Maximizing the correlation branch metrics ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ according to the right sketch in the above graph gives the same result as minimizing the Hamming branch metrics ${\it \Gamma}_i(S_{\mu})$ shown on the left.
- Also, the surviving and deleted branches are identical in both graphs.
- The given equation is also correct, which is shown here only on the example $i = 7$:
- $${\it \Lambda}_7(S_0)) = 2 \cdot \big [i - {\it \Gamma}_7(S_0) \big ] = 2 \cdot \big [7 - 3 \big ] \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 8}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- The last statement is false. Rather applies $〈x_i', \, y_i〉 ∈ \{–2, \, 0, \, +2\}$.
- In $\text{Exercise 3.11}$, the path finding will be demonstrated for the same example, assuming ${\it \Lambda}_i(S_{\mu})$ metrics as shown in the right graph.