Aufgaben:Exercise 3.5Z: Application of the Residue Theorem: Difference between revisions
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{{quiz-Header|Buchseite= | {{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Linear_and_Time_Invariant_Systems/Inverse_Laplace_Transform | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:P_ID1781__LZI_Z_3_5.png|right|frame| | [[File:P_ID1781__LZI_Z_3_5.png|right|frame|Six pole–zero configurations]] | ||
Let the spectral function $Y_{\rm L}(p)$ be given in pole–zero notation characterized by | |||
*$Z$ | *$Z$ zeros $p_{{\rm o}i}$, | ||
*$N$ | *$N$ poles $p_{{\rm x}i}$, and | ||
* | *the constant $K$. | ||
In the following, the configurations shown in the diagram are considered. Let always $K= 2$ hold. | |||
In the case that the number $Z$ of zeros is less than the number $N$ of poles, the corresponding time signal $y(t)$ can be determined directly by applying the [[Linear_and_Time_Invariant_Systems/Inverse_Laplace_Transform#Formulation_of_the_residue_theorem|residue theorem]] . | |||
In | In this case: | ||
:$$y(t) = \sum_{i=1}^{I} \left \{ | :$$y(t) = \sum_{i=1}^{I} \left \{Y_{\rm L}(p)\cdot (p - p_{{\rm x}i})\cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p\hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}i}} \right\} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$ | ||
$I$ indicates the number of distinguishable poles; $I = N$ holds for all given constellations. | |||
$I$ | |||
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Please note: | |||
*The exercise belongs to the chapter [[Linear_and_Time_Invariant_Systems/Inverse_Laplace_Transform|Inverse Laplace Transform]]. | |||
*If the time signal $y(t)$ is complex, then $Y_{\rm L}(p)$ cannot be realized as a circuit. However, the application of the residue theorem is still possible. | |||
*The complex frequency $p$, the zeros $p_{{\rm o}i}$ as well as the poles $p_{{\rm x}i}$ each describe normalized quantities without units in this exercise. | |||
*The exercise belongs to the chapter [[Linear_and_Time_Invariant_Systems/Inverse_Laplace_Transform|Inverse Laplace Transform]]. | *Thus, time $t$ is dimensionless, too. | ||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
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<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
{ | {For which configurations can the residue theorem <u>not be applied directly</u>? | ||
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
- | - Configuration $\rm A$, | ||
+ | + Configuration $\rm B$, | ||
- | - Configuration $\rm C$, | ||
+ | + Configuration $\rm D$, | ||
- | - Configuration $\rm E$, | ||
+ | + Configuration $\rm F$. | ||
{ | {Compute $y(t)$ for configuration $\rm A$ with $K= 2$ and $p_{\rm x} = -1$. What is the numerical value for time $t = 1$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { 0.736 3% } | $\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { 0.736 3% } | ||
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{ | {Compute $y(t)$ for configuration $\rm C$ with $K= 2$ and $p_{\rm x} = -0.2 + {\rm j} \cdot 1.5\pi$. What numerical value is obtained for time $t = 1$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { 0. } | $\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { 0. } | ||
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{ | {What signal value $y(t = 1)$ is obtained for the constellation $\rm E$ with $K= 2$ and two poles at $p_{\rm x} = -0.2 \pm {\rm j} \cdot 1.5\pi$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { -0.357--0.337 } | $\ {\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \ = \ $ { -0.357--0.337 } | ||
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</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
=== | ===Solution=== | ||
{{ML-Kopf}} | {{ML-Kopf}} | ||
'''(1)''' | '''(1)''' <u>Suggested solutions 2, 4 and 6</u> are correct: | ||
* | *The prerequisite for the application of the residue theorem is that there are fewer zeros than poles, that is, $Z < N$ must hold. | ||
* | *This condition is not met for the configurations $\rm B$, $\rm D$ and $\rm F$. | ||
* | *First, a partial fraction decomposition must be made here, for example for configuration $\rm B$ with $p_x = -1$: | ||
:$$Y_{\rm L}(p)= \frac {p} {p +1}= 1-\frac {1} {p +1} | :$$Y_{\rm L}(p)= \frac {p} {p +1}= 1-\frac {1} {p +1}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$ | ||
'''(2)''' Considering $Y_{\rm L}(p) = 2/(p+1)$ it follows from the residue theorem with $I=1$: | |||
:$$y(t) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p \hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}-1}= 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{- \hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}y(t=1)=\frac{2}{\rm e} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{ \approx 0.736 \hspace{0.15cm}{\rm (purely\hspace{0.15cm}real)}}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$ | |||
[[File:P_ID1782__LZI_Z_3_5_c.png|right|frame|Complex signals at a single complex pole]] | |||
'''(3)''' Using the same procedure as in subtask '''(2)''' the following is obtained: | |||
:$$y(t) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-(0.2 \hspace{0.05cm}+\hspace{0.05cm}{\rm j} \hspace{0.05cm}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm}1.5 \pi) \hspace{0.05cm} \cdot \hspace{0.05cm}t}= 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2 \hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-{\rm j} \hspace{0.08cm}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm}1.5\pi\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$*Due to the second term, it is a complex signal whose phase rotates in the mathematically positive direction (counterclockwise) .*For time $t=1$, the following holds::$$y(t = 1) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2} \cdot \big [\cos(1.5 \pi) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(1.5 \pi)\big ]= - {\rm j} \cdot 1.638$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{ = 0},\hspace{0.2cm} {\rm Im}\{y(t = 1)\} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{=- 1.638}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$ | |||
*The left graph shows the signal for a pole at $p_x = -2 + {\rm j} \cdot 1.5 \pi$. | |||
*The right graph shows the conjugate complex signal to it can be seen for $p_x = -2 - {\rm j} \cdot 1.5 \pi$. | |||
'''(4)''' | [[File:P_ID1783__LZI_Z_3_5_d.png|right|frame|Signal curve of configuration $\rm E$]] | ||
:$$y_1(t) = | '''(4)''' Now $I=2$ holds. The residuals of $p_{x1}$ and $p_{x2}$ yield: | ||
:$$y_1(t) =\frac {K \cdot (p-p_{{\rm x}1})} { (p-p_{{\rm x}1})(p-p_{{\rm x}2})} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}1}}=\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}1}-p_{{\rm x}2}} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}1}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.05cm} ,$$:$$ y_2(t) =\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}2}-p_{{\rm x}1}} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}2}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}=-\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}1}-p_{{\rm x}2}} \cdot {\rm e}^{-p_{{\rm x}1}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}$$:$$y(t)= y_1(t)+y_2(t) =\frac {2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}}{{\rm j} \cdot 3 \pi} \cdot \big [ \cos(.) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(.)- \cos(.) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(.)\big ]$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}y(t)=\frac {4 }{ 3 \pi} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\cdot \sin(1.5\pi \cdot t)$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}y(t=1)= -\frac {4 }{ 3 \pi} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= -0.347}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$ | |||
:$$ y_2(t) = | |||
:$$ | |||
\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot | |||
\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot | |||
:$$\Rightarrow | |||
\hspace{0.3cm}y(t=1)= -\frac {4 }{ 3 \pi} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2 | |||
\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot | |||
The graph shows the (purely real) signal curve $y(t)$ for this configuration. | |||
{{ML-Fuß}} | {{ML-Fuß}} | ||
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[[Category:Linear and Time-Invariant Systems: Exercises|^3.3 Inverse Laplace Transform^]] | [[Category:Linear and Time-Invariant Systems: Exercises|^3.3 Inverse Laplace Transform^]] | ||
[[de:Aufgaben:Aufgabe 3.5Z: Anwendung des Residuensatzes]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:56, 16 March 2026

Let the spectral function $Y_{\rm L}(p)$ be given in pole–zero notation characterized by
- $Z$ zeros $p_{{\rm o}i}$,
- $N$ poles $p_{{\rm x}i}$, and
- the constant $K$.
In the following, the configurations shown in the diagram are considered. Let always $K= 2$ hold.
In the case that the number $Z$ of zeros is less than the number $N$ of poles, the corresponding time signal $y(t)$ can be determined directly by applying the residue theorem .
In this case:
- $$y(t) = \sum_{i=1}^{I} \left \{Y_{\rm L}(p)\cdot (p - p_{{\rm x}i})\cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p\hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}i}} \right\} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
$I$ indicates the number of distinguishable poles; $I = N$ holds for all given constellations.
Please note:
- The exercise belongs to the chapter Inverse Laplace Transform.
- If the time signal $y(t)$ is complex, then $Y_{\rm L}(p)$ cannot be realized as a circuit. However, the application of the residue theorem is still possible.
- The complex frequency $p$, the zeros $p_{{\rm o}i}$ as well as the poles $p_{{\rm x}i}$ each describe normalized quantities without units in this exercise.
- Thus, time $t$ is dimensionless, too.
Questions
Solution
- The prerequisite for the application of the residue theorem is that there are fewer zeros than poles, that is, $Z < N$ must hold.
- This condition is not met for the configurations $\rm B$, $\rm D$ and $\rm F$.
- First, a partial fraction decomposition must be made here, for example for configuration $\rm B$ with $p_x = -1$:
- $$Y_{\rm L}(p)= \frac {p} {p +1}= 1-\frac {1} {p +1}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$
(2) Considering $Y_{\rm L}(p) = 2/(p+1)$ it follows from the residue theorem with $I=1$:
- $$y(t) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p \hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}-1}= 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{- \hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}y(t=1)=\frac{2}{\rm e} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{ \approx 0.736 \hspace{0.15cm}{\rm (purely\hspace{0.15cm}real)}}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$

(3) Using the same procedure as in subtask (2) the following is obtained:
- $$y(t) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-(0.2 \hspace{0.05cm}+\hspace{0.05cm}{\rm j} \hspace{0.05cm}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm}1.5 \pi) \hspace{0.05cm} \cdot \hspace{0.05cm}t}= 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2 \hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-{\rm j} \hspace{0.08cm}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm}1.5\pi\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$*Due to the second term, it is a complex signal whose phase rotates in the mathematically positive direction (counterclockwise) .*For time $t=1$, the following holds::$$y(t = 1) = 2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2} \cdot \big [\cos(1.5 \pi) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(1.5 \pi)\big ]= - {\rm j} \cdot 1.638$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm Re}\{y(t = 1)\} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{ = 0},\hspace{0.2cm} {\rm Im}\{y(t = 1)\} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{=- 1.638}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$
- The left graph shows the signal for a pole at $p_x = -2 + {\rm j} \cdot 1.5 \pi$.
- The right graph shows the conjugate complex signal to it can be seen for $p_x = -2 - {\rm j} \cdot 1.5 \pi$.

(4) Now $I=2$ holds. The residuals of $p_{x1}$ and $p_{x2}$ yield:
- $$y_1(t) =\frac {K \cdot (p-p_{{\rm x}1})} { (p-p_{{\rm x}1})(p-p_{{\rm x}2})} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\bigg |_{p \hspace{0.05cm}= \hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}1}}=\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}1}-p_{{\rm x}2}} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}1}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\hspace{0.05cm} ,$$:$$ y_2(t) =\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}2}-p_{{\rm x}1}} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}p_{{\rm x}2}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}=-\frac {K } { p_{{\rm x}1}-p_{{\rm x}2}} \cdot {\rm e}^{-p_{{\rm x}1}\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}$$:$$y(t)= y_1(t)+y_2(t) =\frac {2 \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}}{{\rm j} \cdot 3 \pi} \cdot \big [ \cos(.) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(.)- \cos(.) + {\rm j} \cdot \sin(.)\big ]$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}y(t)=\frac {4 }{ 3 \pi} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t}\cdot \sin(1.5\pi \cdot t)$$:$$\Rightarrow\hspace{0.3cm}y(t=1)= -\frac {4 }{ 3 \pi} \cdot {\rm e}^{\hspace{0.05cm}-0.2\hspace{0.08cm}\cdot\hspace{0.05cm}t} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= -0.347}\hspace{0.05cm} .$$
The graph shows the (purely real) signal curve $y(t)$ for this configuration.