Aufgaben:Exercise 3.6Z:Optimum Nyquist Equalizer for Exponential Pulse: Difference between revisions

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{{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Digital_Signal_Transmission/Linear_Nyquist_Equalization}}
{{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Digital_Signal_Transmission/Linear_Nyquist_Equalization}}


[[File:P_ID1434__Dig_Z_3_6.png|right|frame|Beidseitiger Exponentialimpuls]]
[[File:P_ID1434__Dig_Z_3_6.png|right|frame|Two-sided exponential pulse]]
Wie in der  [[Aufgaben:Aufgabe_3.6:_Transversalfilter_des_Optimalen_Nyquistentzerrers|Aufgabe 3.6]]  betrachten wir wieder den optimalen Nyquistentzerrer, wobei nun als Eingangsimpuls  $g_x(t)$  eine beidseitig abfallende Exponentialfunktion anliegt:
As in  [[Aufgaben:Exercise_3.6:_Transversal_Filter_of_the_Optimal_Nyquist_Equalizer|"Exercise 3.6"]]  we consider again the optimal Nyquist equalizer, but now the input pulse  $g_x(t)$  is a two-sided exponential function:
:$$g_x(t) = {\rm e }^{ -  |t|/T}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
:$$g_x(t) = {\rm e }^{ -  |t|/T}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


*Durch ein Transversalfilter  $N$–ter Ordnung mit der Impulsantwort
*Through a transversal filter of  $N$–th order with the impulse response
:$$h_{\rm TF}(t) = \sum_{\lambda = -N}^{+N} k_\lambda \cdot \delta(t - \lambda \cdot T)$$
:$$h_{\rm TF}(t) = \sum_{\lambda = -N}^{+N} k_\lambda \cdot \delta(t - \lambda \cdot T)$$


:ist es immer möglich, dass der Ausgangsimpuls  $g_y(t)$  Nulldurchgänge bei  $t/T = ±1, \ \text{...} \ , \ t/T = ±N$  aufweist und  $g_y(t = 0) = 1$  ist.
:it is always possible that the output pulse  $g_y(t)$  has zero crossings at  $t/T = ±1, \ \text{...} \ , \ t/T = ±N$  and  $g_y(t = 0) = 1$.   
*Im allgemeinen Fall führen dann allerdings die Vorläufer und Nachläufer mit  $| \nu | > N$  zu Impulsinterferenzen.
*However, in the general case, the precursors and trailers with  $| \nu | > N$  then lead to intersymbol interference.




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''Hinweis:''  
''Note:''  
*Die Aufgabe gehört zum  Kapitel  [[Digital_Signal_Transmission/Linear_Nyquist_Equalization|"Linear Nyquist Equalization"]].
*The exercise belongs to the chapter  [[Digital_Signal_Transmission/Linear_Nyquist_Equalization|"Linear Nyquist Equalization"]].
   
   






===Fragebogen===
===Questions===
<quiz display=simple>
<quiz display=simple>
{Geben Sie die Signalwerte &nbsp;$g_x(\nu) = g_x(t = \nu T)$&nbsp; bei Vielfachen von &nbsp;$T$&nbsp; an.
{Give the signal values &nbsp;$g_x(\nu) = g_x(t = \nu T)$&nbsp; at multiples of &nbsp;$T$.&nbsp;  
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$g_x(0)\ = \ $ { 1 3% }
$g_x(0)\ = \ $ { 1 3% }
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$g_x(2)\ = \ $ { 0.135 3% }
$g_x(2)\ = \ $ { 0.135 3% }


{Berechnen Sie die optimalen Filterkoeffizienten für &nbsp;$N = 1$.
{Calculate the optimal filter coefficients for &nbsp;$N = 1$.
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$k_0 \ = \ $ { 1.313 3% }
$k_0 \ = \ $ { 1.313 3% }
$k_1 \ = \ $ { -0.43775--0.41225 }
$k_1 \ = \ $ { -0.43775--0.41225 }


{Berechnen Sie die Ausgangswerte &nbsp;$g_2 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 2T)$&nbsp; und&nbsp; $g_3 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 3T)$.
{Calculate the output values &nbsp;$g_2 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 2T)$&nbsp; and&nbsp; $g_3 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 3T)$.
|type="{}"}
|type="{}"}
$g_2 \ = \ $ { 0. }
$g_2 \ = \ $ { 0. }
$g_3\ = \ $ { 0. }
$g_3\ = \ $ { 0. }


{Welche der folgenden Aussagen sind zutreffend?
{Which of the following statements is true?
|type="[]"}
|type="[]"}
+ Beim gegebenen Eingangsimpuls &nbsp;$g_x(t)$&nbsp; ist mit einem Transversalfilter zweiter Ordnung keine Verbesserung möglich.
+ For the given input pulse &nbsp;$g_x(t)$,&nbsp; no improvement is possible with a second-order transversal filter.
- Die erste Aussage ist unabhängig vom Eingangsimpuls &nbsp;$g_x(t)$.
- The first statement is independent of the input pulse &nbsp;$g_x(t)$.
- Beim gegebenen Eingangsimpuls ergibt sich mit einem "unendlichen" Transversalfilter eine weitere Verbesserung.
- For the given input pulse, a further improvement is obtained with an "infinite" transversal filter.
</quiz>
</quiz>


===Musterlösung===
===Solution===
{{ML-Kopf}}
{{ML-Kopf}}
'''(1)'''&nbsp; Die fünf ersten Abtastwerte des Eingangsimpulses im Abstand $T$ lauten:
'''(1)'''&nbsp; The five first samples of the input pulse at distance $T$ are:
:$$g_x(0)\hspace{0.25cm}\underline{ = 1},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(1) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{= 0.368},\hspace{0.25cm}g_x(2) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{=
:$$g_x(0)\hspace{0.25cm}\underline{ = 1},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(1) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{= 0.368},\hspace{0.25cm}g_x(2) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{=
0.135},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(3) = 0.050,\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(4)  {= 0.018}
0.135},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(3) = 0.050,\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(4)  {= 0.018}
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'''(2)'''&nbsp; Entsprechend der [[Aufgaben:3.6_ONE-Transversalfilter|Musterlösung zur Aufgabe 3.6]] kommt man auf folgendes Gleichungssystem:
'''(2)'''&nbsp; According to the [[Aufgaben:Exercise_3.6:_Transversal_Filter_of_the_Optimal_Nyquist_Equalizer|"solution to Exercise 3.6"]], we arrive at the following system of equations:
:$$2t = T \hspace{-0.1cm}:\hspace{0.2cm}g_1 \hspace{-0.2cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.2cm} k_0 \cdot g_x(1) +k_1 \cdot
:$$2t = T \hspace{-0.1cm}:\hspace{0.2cm}g_1 \hspace{-0.2cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.2cm} k_0 \cdot g_x(1) +k_1 \cdot
[g_x(0)+g_x(2)]= 0\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}
[g_x(0)+g_x(2)]= 0\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}
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\frac{1-k_0}{0.736} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
\frac{1-k_0}{0.736} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$


*Dies führt zum Ergebnis:
*This leads to the result:
:$$k_0 - 0.324 \cdot 0.736 \cdot k_0 = 1 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow
:$$k_0 - 0.324 \cdot 0.736 \cdot k_0 = 1 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow
\hspace{0.3cm} k_0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 1.313}, \hspace{0.2cm}k_1\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = -0.425}
\hspace{0.3cm} k_0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 1.313}, \hspace{0.2cm}k_1\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = -0.425}
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'''(3)'''&nbsp; Für den Zeitpunkt $t = 2T$ gilt:
'''(3)'''&nbsp; For time $t = 2T$ holds:
:$$g_2 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(2) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(1)+g_x(3)]= \ 1.313 \cdot 0.050 -0.425 \cdot [0.135+0.018]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}
:$$g_2 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(2) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(1)+g_x(3)]= \ 1.313 \cdot 0.050 -0.425 \cdot [0.135+0.018]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


*Ebenso ist auch der Ausgangsimpuls zum Zeitpunkt $t = 3T$ gleich Null:
*Similarly, the output pulse at time $t = 3T$ is also zero:
:$$g_3 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(3) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(2)+g_x(4)]= 1.313 \cdot 0.135 -0.425 \cdot [0.368+0.050]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}
:$$g_3 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(3) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(2)+g_x(4)]= 1.313 \cdot 0.135 -0.425 \cdot [0.368+0.050]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


[[File:P_ID1440__Dig_Z_3_6_c.png|right|frame|Eingangsimpuls (oben), Ausgangsimpuls für <i>N</i> = 1 (unten)]]
[[File:P_ID1440__Dig_Z_3_6_c.png|right|frame|Input pulse (top), output pulse for <i>N</i> = 1 (bottom)]]


*Die Abbildung zeigt, dass bei diesem exponentiell abfallenden Impuls das Transversalfilter erster Ordnung eine vollständige Entzerrung bewirkt.  
*The figure shows that for this exponentially decaying pulse, the first-order transversal filter provides complete equalization.
*Außerhalb des Intervalls &nbsp;$-T < t < T$&nbsp; ist &nbsp;$g_y(t)$&nbsp; identisch Null, innerhalb ergibt sich eine Dreieckform.
*Outside the interval &nbsp;$-T < t < T$,&nbsp; &nbsp;$g_y(t)$&nbsp; is identically zero, inside it results in a triangular shape.




'''(4)'''&nbsp; Richtig ist nur der <u>erste Lösungsvorschlag</u>:  
'''(4)'''&nbsp; Only the <u>first statement</u> is correct:  
*Nachdem bereits mit einem Laufzeitfilter erster Ordnung alle Vor&ndash; und Nachläufer kompensiert werden, ergeben sich auch mit einem Filter zweiter Ordnung und auch für $N &#8594; &#8734;$ keine weiteren Verbesserungen.  
*Since already with a first-order delay filter all precursors and trailers are compensated, also with a second-order filter and also for $N &#8594; &#8734;$ no further improvements result.
*Dieses Ergebnis gilt jedoch ausschließlich für den (beidseitig) exponentiell abfallenden Eingansgimpuls.  
*However, this result applies exclusively to the (bilaterally) exponentially decaying input pulse.
*Bei fast jeder anderen Impulsform ist das Ergebnis um so besser, je größer $N$ ist.  
*For almost any other pulse shape, the larger $N$ is, the better the result.
{{ML-Fuß}}
{{ML-Fuß}}



Revision as of 18:53, 25 May 2022

Two-sided exponential pulse

As in  "Exercise 3.6"  we consider again the optimal Nyquist equalizer, but now the input pulse  $g_x(t)$  is a two-sided exponential function:

$$g_x(t) = {\rm e }^{ - |t|/T}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • Through a transversal filter of  $N$–th order with the impulse response
$$h_{\rm TF}(t) = \sum_{\lambda = -N}^{+N} k_\lambda \cdot \delta(t - \lambda \cdot T)$$
it is always possible that the output pulse  $g_y(t)$  has zero crossings at  $t/T = ±1, \ \text{...} \ , \ t/T = ±N$  and  $g_y(t = 0) = 1$. 
  • However, in the general case, the precursors and trailers with  $| \nu | > N$  then lead to intersymbol interference.




Note:



Questions

1 Give the signal values  $g_x(\nu) = g_x(t = \nu T)$  at multiples of  $T$. 

$g_x(0)\ = \ $
$g_x(1)\ = \ $
$g_x(2)\ = \ $

2 Calculate the optimal filter coefficients for  $N = 1$.

$k_0 \ = \ $
$k_1 \ = \ $

3 Calculate the output values  $g_2 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 2T)$  and  $g_3 = g_{\rm \nu}(t = 3T)$.

$g_2 \ = \ $
$g_3\ = \ $

4 Which of the following statements is true?

For the given input pulse  $g_x(t)$,  no improvement is possible with a second-order transversal filter.
The first statement is independent of the input pulse  $g_x(t)$.
For the given input pulse, a further improvement is obtained with an "infinite" transversal filter.


Solution

(1)  The five first samples of the input pulse at distance $T$ are:

$$g_x(0)\hspace{0.25cm}\underline{ = 1},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(1) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{= 0.368},\hspace{0.25cm}g_x(2) \hspace{0.25cm}\underline{=

0.135},\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(3) = 0.050,\hspace{0.2cm}g_x(4) {= 0.018} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$


(2)  According to the "solution to Exercise 3.6", we arrive at the following system of equations:

$$2t = T \hspace{-0.1cm}:\hspace{0.2cm}g_1 \hspace{-0.2cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.2cm} k_0 \cdot g_x(1) +k_1 \cdot

[g_x(0)+g_x(2)]= 0\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \frac{k_1}{k_0} = - \frac{g_x(1)}{g_x(0)+g_x(2)} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$t = 0 \hspace{-0.1cm}:\hspace{0.2cm}g_0 \hspace{-0.2cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.2cm} k_0 \cdot g_x(0) + k_1 \cdot 2 \cdot

g_x(1) = 1\hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} k_1 = \frac{1-k_0}{0.736} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

  • This leads to the result:
$$k_0 - 0.324 \cdot 0.736 \cdot k_0 = 1 \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow

\hspace{0.3cm} k_0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 1.313}, \hspace{0.2cm}k_1\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = -0.425} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$


(3)  For time $t = 2T$ holds:

$$g_2 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(2) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(1)+g_x(3)]= \ 1.313 \cdot 0.050 -0.425 \cdot [0.135+0.018]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}

\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

  • Similarly, the output pulse at time $t = 3T$ is also zero:
$$g_3 \ = \ k_0 \cdot g_x(3) +k_1 \cdot [g_x(2)+g_x(4)]= 1.313 \cdot 0.135 -0.425 \cdot [0.368+0.050]\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {\approx 0}

\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Input pulse (top), output pulse for N = 1 (bottom)
  • The figure shows that for this exponentially decaying pulse, the first-order transversal filter provides complete equalization.
  • Outside the interval  $-T < t < T$,   $g_y(t)$  is identically zero, inside it results in a triangular shape.


(4)  Only the first statement is correct:

  • Since already with a first-order delay filter all precursors and trailers are compensated, also with a second-order filter and also for $N → ∞$ no further improvements result.
  • However, this result applies exclusively to the (bilaterally) exponentially decaying input pulse.
  • For almost any other pulse shape, the larger $N$ is, the better the result.