Aufgaben:Exercise 4.15: Optimal Signal Space Allocation

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Considered 8–QAM

A signal space constellation with  $M = 8$  signal space points is considered here:

• Four points lie on a circle with radius  $r = 1$.

• Four further points lie offset by  $45^\circ$  on a second circle with radius  $R$,  where the following shall hold:

$$R_{\rm min} \le R \le R_{\rm max}\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm} R_{\rm min}= \frac{ \sqrt{3}-1}{ \sqrt{2}} \approx 0.518 \hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm} R_{\rm max}= \frac{ \sqrt{3}+1}{ \sqrt{2}} \approx 1.932\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Let the two axes  ("basis functions")  be normalized respectively and denoted  $I$  and  $Q$  for simplicity.  For further simplification,  $E = 1$  can be set.

In the question section,  we speak of  "blue"  and  "red"  points.  According to the diagram,  the blue points lie on the circle with radius  $r = 1$,  the red points on the circle with radius  $R$.  The case  $R = R_{\rm max}$ is drawn.

The system parameter  $R$  is to be determined in this exercise in such a way that the quotient

$$\eta = \frac{ (d_{\rm min}/2)^2}{ E_{\rm B}} $$

becomes maximum.  $\eta$  is a measure for the quality of a modulation alphabet at given transmission energy per bit  ("power efficiency").  It is calculated from

• the minimum distance  $d_{\rm min}$,  and

• the average bit energy  $E_{\rm B}$.

It must be ensured that  $d_{\rm min}^2$  and  $E_{\rm B}$  are normalized in the same way,  but this is already implicit in the exercise.

Notes:

• The exercise belongs to the chapter  "Carrier Frequency Systems with Coherent Demodulation".

• Reference is made in particular to the sections  "Quadrature amplitude modulation"  and  "Multi-level phase modulation".

Questions

1

Calculate the average energy  $E_{\rm B}$  per bit depending on  $R$,  in particular for  $R = 1$  and  $R = \sqrt{2}$.

$R = 1 \text{:} \hspace{0.55cm} E_{\rm B}\ = \ $

$R = \sqrt{2} \text{:} \hspace{0.2cm} E_{\rm B}\ = \ $

2

Which statements are true for the minimum distance between two signal space points?

	For  $R < R_{\rm min}$,  the minimum distance occurs between two red points.
	For  $R > R_{\rm max}$,  the minimum distance occurs between two blue points.
	For  $R_{\rm min} ≤ R ≤ R_{\rm max}$,  the minimum distance occurs between  "red"  and  "blue".

3

Calculate the minimum distance depending on  $R$,  in particular for

$R = 1 \text{:} \hspace{0.55cm} d_{\rm min}\ = \ $

$R = \sqrt{2} \text{:} \hspace{0.2cm} d_{\rm min}\ = \ $

4

Give the power efficiency  $\eta$  in general terms.  What  $\eta$  results for  $R = 1$?

$\eta\ = \ $

5

What power efficiency values result for  $R = R_{\rm min}$  and  $R = R_{\rm max}$?  Interpretation.

$R = R_{\rm min} \text{:} \hspace{0.35cm} \eta\ = \ $

$R = R_{\rm max} \text{:} \hspace{0.2cm} \eta\ = \ $

Solution

Solution

(1)  Because of $M = 8$  ⇒  $b = 3$, the mean signal energy per bit is $E_{\rm B} = E_{\rm S}/3$, where the mean signal energy per symbol ($E_{\rm S}$) is to be calculated as the mean square distance of the signal space points from the origin. With $r = 1$ one obtains:

Special cases of 8–QAM

$$E_{\rm S} = {1}/{8 } \cdot ( 4 \cdot r^2 + 4 \cdot R^2) = ({1 + R^2})/{2 } \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} E_{\rm B} = {E_{\rm S}}/{3} = ({1 + R^2})/{6} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

In particular:

• For $R = 1$, there is an 8–PSK   ⇒   $E_{\rm S} = 1$ and $E_{\rm B} \ \underline {= 0.333}$ (see left graph).
• The right graph is valid for $R = \sqrt{2}$. In this case, $E_{\rm B} \ \underline {= 0.5}$.

Note that these energies actually still have to be multiplied by the normalization energy $E$.

(2)  All statements are true:

• In the drawn example on the information section with $R = R_{\rm max}$, the distance between two neighboring blue points is exactly the same as the distance between a red (outer) and a blue (inner) point.

To calculate the minimum distance

• For $R > R_{\rm max}$, the distance between two blue points is the smallest.
• For $R < R_{\rm min}$, the minimum distance occurs between two red points.

(3)  The graphic illustrates the geometric calculation. With "Pythagoras" one obtains:

$$d_{\rm min}^2 =(R/\sqrt{2})^2 + (R/\sqrt{2}-1)^2 = 1 - \sqrt{2} \cdot R + R^2 \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}d_{\rm min} = \sqrt{ 1 - \sqrt{2} \cdot R + R^2} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

In particular, for $R = 1$ (8–PSK):

$$d_{\rm min} = \sqrt{ 2 - \sqrt{2} } \hspace{0.1cm} \underline{= 0.765} \hspace{0.1cm} (= 2 \cdot \sin (22.5^{\circ}) ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

In contrast, for $\underline {R = \sqrt{2}}$ corresponding to the right graph for subtask (1), the minimum distance is $d_{\rm min} \ \underline {= 1}$.

(4)  Using the results of (1) and (3), we obtain in general or for $R = 1$ (8–PSK):

$$\eta = \frac{ d_{\rm min}^2}{ 4 \cdot E_{\rm B}} = \frac{ 1 - \sqrt{2} \cdot R + R^2}{ 4 \cdot (1 + R^2)/6} = \frac{ 3/2 \cdot(1 - \sqrt{2} \cdot R + R^2)}{ 1 + R^2}\hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} R = 1: \hspace{0.2cm}\eta = \frac{ 3/2 \cdot(2 - \sqrt{2}) }{ 2} = 3/4 \cdot(2 - \sqrt{2})\hspace{0.1cm} \underline{\approx 0.439}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(5)  For $R = R_{\rm min} = (\sqrt{3}-1)/\sqrt{2}$, the following value is obtained:

$$\eta = \frac{ 3/2 \cdot(1 - \sqrt{2} \cdot R + R^2)}{ 1 + R^2} = 3/2 \cdot \left [ 1 - \frac{ \sqrt{2} \cdot R }{ 1 + R^2}\right ]\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\sqrt{2} \cdot R = \sqrt{3}- 1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.2cm} 1 + R^2 = 3 - \sqrt{3} \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} \eta = 3/2 \cdot \left [ 1 - \frac{ \sqrt{3}- 1 }{ 3 - \sqrt{3}}\right ]\hspace{0.1cm} \underline{\approx 0.634}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

For $R = R_{\rm max}= (\sqrt{3}+1)/\sqrt{2}$ exactly the same value results.

• The (always desired) maximum of the power efficiency $\eta$ results, for example, for $R = R_{\rm max}$ – i.e. for the signal space constellation in the information section.
• In this case all triangles of two neighboring blue points and the red point in between are equilateral.
• Also for $R = R_{\rm min}$ there are equilateral triangles, but now each formed by two red and one blue point.
• In this case the edge length $d_{\rm min}$ is clearly smaller, but at the same time a smaller $E_{\rm B}$ results, so that the power efficiency $\eta$ has the same value.

The previously considered special cases $R = 1$ (8–PSK, left graph in the first subtask) and $R = \sqrt{2}$ (right graph) have a noticeably smaller $\eta$ with $\eta = 0.439$ and $\eta = 0.5$, respectively (compared to $\eta = 0.634$).