Difference between revisions of "Aufgaben:Exercise 3.4: Different Voice Codecs"
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[[File:P_ID2221__Mob_A_3_4.png|right|frame|Audiosignale von „Narrow–Band” <br>und „Wide–Band”]] | [[File:P_ID2221__Mob_A_3_4.png|right|frame|Audiosignale von „Narrow–Band” <br>und „Wide–Band”]] | ||
− | + | The development of the GSM standard after 1990 was accompanied by the standardization of various voice codecs: | |
− | * | + | *With the first full-rate codec ('''FR''') from 1991 a reduction to the data rate $13 \ \rm kbit/s$ was achieved, sufficiently low to be able to transmit a voice signal over a single traffic channel. |
− | *1994 | + | *In 1994 the ''Half-Rate Codec'' ('''HR''') with the bitrate $5.6 \ \rm kbit/s$ was developed with the aim of being able to transmit two calls simultaneously in one traffic channel if required. However, the quality does not quite reach the full-rate codec. |
− | * | + | *The ''Enhanced Full-Rate Codec'' ('''EFR'') from 1995 represented a significant development based on the data reduction method ACELP (''Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction''). The EFR codec delivers a data rate of $12.2 \ \rm kbit/s$ and stands for the common quality standard in mobile communications nowadays. |
− | *1999 | + | *In 1999, ETSI standardized the ''Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec'' ('''AMR''') for GSM. This provides eight different modes with data rates between $4.75 \ \ \rm kbit/s$ and $12.2 \ \ \rm kbit/s$ . The AMR codec uses the ACELP method like the EFR codec. |
− | * | + | *The ''Wideband AMR'' ('''WB-AMR''') is a further development of the original AMR. It was standardized by the 3GPP consortium in 2001 and by ITU-T in 2002 and uses the frequency range from $50 \ \rm Hz$ to $7 \rm kHz$. This is therefore based on a "WideBand signal". |
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+ | ''Notes:'' | ||
− | + | *This exercise refers to [[Mobile_Kommunikation/Gemeinsamkeiten_von_GSM_und_UMTS|Gemeinsamkeiten von GSM und | |
− | |||
− | * | ||
UMTS]]. | UMTS]]. | ||
− | * | + | *The graph shows the magnitude spectrum of an audio signal and defines the characteristics ''Narrowband'' and ''Wideband''. |
− | * | + | *We refer you to the interactive applet [[Applets:Sprachcodecs|Qualität verschiedener Sprachcodecs]] hin. |
− | === | + | ===Questionnaire=== |
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
− | { | + | {What tasks does a speech codec perform? |
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
− | + | + | + It is used for rate reduction of digitised speech. |
− | - | + | - It is necessary for error correction reasons. |
− | + | + | + It is used for coding and decoding. |
− | { | + | {What advantages does the EFR codec offer compared to the FR codec? |
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
− | - | + | - It is designed for broadband signals $($frequency range: $200 \ \ \rm Hz$ bis $7 \ \rm kHz)$ . |
− | + | + | + It provides better sound quality. |
− | + | + | + The improvement is due to the ACELP method. |
− | { | + | {What are the advantages of the AMR codec over the EFR codec? |
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
− | - | + | - It provides better voice quality. |
− | + | + | + It provides different modes and is therefore more flexible. |
− | - | + | - The lowest mode is identical to the EFR standard. |
− | { | + | {What are the characteristics of WB-AMR? |
|type="[]"} | |type="[]"} | ||
− | + | + | + The audio frequency range is $50 \ \rm Hz$ bis $7 \ \rm kHz$. |
− | + | + | + It provides modes between $6.60 \ \ \rm kHz$ and $23.85 \ \rm kHz$ . |
− | + | + | + GSM is not sufficient for the higher rate modes. |
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
− | === | + | ===Sample Solution=== |
{{ML-Kopf}} | {{ML-Kopf}} | ||
− | '''(1)''' | + | '''(1)''' Correct are the <u>solution suggestions 1 and 3</u>: |
− | * | + | *The required data rate is reduced by removing redundancy and irrelevance from the data signal |
− | * | + | *The artificial word „Codec” indicates that the same functional unit is used for both encoding and decoding. |
− | '''(2)''' | + | '''(2)''' Correct are the <u>answers 2 and 3</u>: |
− | * | + | *The EFR–Codec from 1995 is a significant development of the ''Full–Rate Codecs'' from 1991, whereby, among other things, speech quality is less affected by background noise. |
− | * | + | *Like the AMR, the EFR–Codec is based on the data reduction method ACELP (''Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction''). |
− | * | + | *The first proposed solution is wrong. Like the FR and AMR codecs, the EFR codec is only designed for the telephone channel (300 Hz to 3.4 kHz). |
− | * | + | *For better intelligibility and to avoid a dull sound, there is also a mid-range boost and a low-frequency cut. |
− | '''(3)''' | + | '''(3)''' Only the <u>solution 2</u> is correct: |
− | * | + | *The advantage of the AMR–codec over the EFR is its greater flexibility. |
− | * | + | *If the channel quality deteriorates significantly, it is possible to switch smoothly to a low-rate mode where transmission errors are less disturbing. |
− | * | + | *In addition, as with the Half&ndash Rate Codec, it is possible to have two conversations in one traffic channel. |
− | * | + | *The highest mode at 12.2 kbit/s - and not the lowest - is identical to the EFR codec. It is therefore obvious that AMR cannot provide better voice quality than EFR. |
− | '''(4)''' | + | '''(4)''' <u>All answers are correct</u>: |
− | * | + | *Nine modes are provided in wideband–AMR, but only five of them are used for mobile communications, namely those with data rates of 6.60, 8.85, 12.65, 15.85 and 23.65 kbit/s. |
− | * | + | *The modes up to 12.65 kbit/s have the advantage that a voice signal encoded in this way can be accommodated in a single GSM–traffic channel. For the higher rate modes, GSM/EDGE or UMTS is required. |
− | * | + | *The higher rate modes (15.85 and 23.65 kbit/s) provide only a slight improvement for speech, but due to the larger frequency range, they provide a noticeable improvement for the transmission of music. |
− | * | + | *Both the WB-AMR 12.65 and the higher modes of (narrowband) AMR show weaknesses here. An even lower data rate gives extremely poor results with music signals. |
− | * | + | *The WB-AMR has a better voice quality than the NB-AMR with 12.2 kbit/s even at a comparable data rate (12.65 kbit/s). Due to the greater bandwidth, speech sounds more natural and sibilants such as "s", "f" and "sch" become more intelligible. |
{{ML-Fuß}} | {{ML-Fuß}} |
Revision as of 20:14, 28 June 2020
The development of the GSM standard after 1990 was accompanied by the standardization of various voice codecs:
- With the first full-rate codec (FR) from 1991 a reduction to the data rate $13 \ \rm kbit/s$ was achieved, sufficiently low to be able to transmit a voice signal over a single traffic channel.
- In 1994 the Half-Rate Codec (HR) with the bitrate $5.6 \ \rm kbit/s$ was developed with the aim of being able to transmit two calls simultaneously in one traffic channel if required. However, the quality does not quite reach the full-rate codec.
- The Enhanced Full-Rate Codec ('EFR) from 1995 represented a significant development based on the data reduction method ACELP (Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction). The EFR codec delivers a data rate of $12.2 \ \rm kbit/s$ and stands for the common quality standard in mobile communications nowadays.
- In 1999, ETSI standardized the Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec (AMR) for GSM. This provides eight different modes with data rates between $4.75 \ \ \rm kbit/s$ and $12.2 \ \ \rm kbit/s$ . The AMR codec uses the ACELP method like the EFR codec.
- The Wideband AMR (WB-AMR) is a further development of the original AMR. It was standardized by the 3GPP consortium in 2001 and by ITU-T in 2002 and uses the frequency range from $50 \ \rm Hz$ to $7 \rm kHz$. This is therefore based on a "WideBand signal".
Notes:
- This exercise refers to Gemeinsamkeiten von GSM und UMTS.
- The graph shows the magnitude spectrum of an audio signal and defines the characteristics Narrowband and Wideband.
- We refer you to the interactive applet Qualität verschiedener Sprachcodecs hin.
Questionnaire
Sample Solution
(1) Correct are the solution suggestions 1 and 3:
- The required data rate is reduced by removing redundancy and irrelevance from the data signal
- The artificial word „Codec” indicates that the same functional unit is used for both encoding and decoding.
(2) Correct are the answers 2 and 3:
- The EFR–Codec from 1995 is a significant development of the Full–Rate Codecs from 1991, whereby, among other things, speech quality is less affected by background noise.
- Like the AMR, the EFR–Codec is based on the data reduction method ACELP (Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction).
- The first proposed solution is wrong. Like the FR and AMR codecs, the EFR codec is only designed for the telephone channel (300 Hz to 3.4 kHz).
- For better intelligibility and to avoid a dull sound, there is also a mid-range boost and a low-frequency cut.
(3) Only the solution 2 is correct:
- The advantage of the AMR–codec over the EFR is its greater flexibility.
- If the channel quality deteriorates significantly, it is possible to switch smoothly to a low-rate mode where transmission errors are less disturbing.
- In addition, as with the Half&ndash Rate Codec, it is possible to have two conversations in one traffic channel.
- The highest mode at 12.2 kbit/s - and not the lowest - is identical to the EFR codec. It is therefore obvious that AMR cannot provide better voice quality than EFR.
(4) All answers are correct:
- Nine modes are provided in wideband–AMR, but only five of them are used for mobile communications, namely those with data rates of 6.60, 8.85, 12.65, 15.85 and 23.65 kbit/s.
- The modes up to 12.65 kbit/s have the advantage that a voice signal encoded in this way can be accommodated in a single GSM–traffic channel. For the higher rate modes, GSM/EDGE or UMTS is required.
- The higher rate modes (15.85 and 23.65 kbit/s) provide only a slight improvement for speech, but due to the larger frequency range, they provide a noticeable improvement for the transmission of music.
- Both the WB-AMR 12.65 and the higher modes of (narrowband) AMR show weaknesses here. An even lower data rate gives extremely poor results with music signals.
- The WB-AMR has a better voice quality than the NB-AMR with 12.2 kbit/s even at a comparable data rate (12.65 kbit/s). Due to the greater bandwidth, speech sounds more natural and sibilants such as "s", "f" and "sch" become more intelligible.