Exercise 4.2: AM/PM Oscillations
We consider the signal set $\{s_i(t)\}$ with the indexing variable $i = 1, \ \text{...} \, M$. All signals $s_i(t)$ can be represented in the same way:
- $$s_i(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} A_i \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + \phi_i) \\ 0 \end{array} \right.\quad \begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < T \hspace{0.05cm}, \\ {\rm otherwise}\hspace{0.05cm}. \\ \end{array}$$
The signal duration $T$ is an integer multiple of $1/f_{\rm T}$, where $f_{\rm T}$ is the signal frequency ("carrier frequency").
- For the sketch, the duration of the energy-limited signals is $T = 4/f_{\rm T}$, i.e. exactly four oscillations are recognized within $T$ in each case.
- The individual signals $s_i(t)$ differ in amplitude $(A_i)$ and/or phase $(\phi_i)$.
For the two signals (shown in the graph) holds:
- $$s_1(t)\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$s_2(t)\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} 2A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + \pi/4) \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
If we first restrict ourselves to these two signals $s_1(t)$ and $s_2(t)$, they can be completely described by the basis functions $\varphi_1(t)$ and $\varphi_2(t)$. These are orthonormal to each other, that is, taking into account the time constraint on $T$ holds:
- $$\int_{0}^{T}\varphi_1^2(t) \, {\rm d} t = \int_{0}^{T}\varphi_2^2(t) \, {\rm d} t = 1 \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$ \int_{0}^{T}\varphi_1(t) \cdot \varphi_2(t)\, {\rm d} t = 0 \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
With these basis functions, the two signals can be represented as follows:
- $$s_1(t)\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} s_{11} \cdot \varphi_1(t) \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$s_2(t)\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{22} \cdot \varphi_2(t) \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
In subtask (7) we want to check whether all signals $s_i(t)$ according to the above definition $($with arbitrary amplitude $A_i$ and arbitrary phase $\phi_i)$ can be described by the following equation:
- $$s_i(t)= s_{i1} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{i2} \cdot \varphi_2(t) \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
The basis functions $\varphi_1(t)$ and $\varphi_2(t)$ are to be found here by the "Gram–Schmidt process", which was described in detail in the theory section. The required equations are summarized here again:
- $$\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||}\hspace{0.4cm}{\rm with}\hspace{0.4cm} s_{11} = ||s_1(t)|| = \sqrt{\int_{0}^{T}s_1^2(t) \, {\rm d} t} \hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.4cm} s_{21} = \hspace{0.1cm} < \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t), \hspace{0.1cm}\varphi_1(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} > \hspace{0.1cm} = \int_{0}^{T}s_2(t) \cdot \varphi_1(t)\, {\rm d} t \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$\theta_2(t) = s_2(t) - s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t)\hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.2cm} \varphi_2(t) = \frac{\theta_2(t)}{||\theta_2(t)||}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Notes:
- The exercise belongs to the chapter "Signals, Basis Functions and Vector Spaces".
- For abbreviation, use the energy $E = 1/2 \cdot A^2 \cdot T$.
- Furthermore, the following trigonometric relation is given:
- $$\cos(\alpha \pm \beta) = \cos(\alpha )\cdot \cos(\beta) \mp \sin(\alpha )\cdot \sin(\beta)\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Questions
Solution
- $$E_{1} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} \int_{0}^{T}A^2 \cdot \cos^2(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\, {\rm d} t = \frac{A^2 \cdot T}{2}\hspace{0.05cm}+\hspace{0.05cm} \frac{A^2 }{2}\int_{0}^{T} \cos(4\pi f_{\rm T}t )\, {\rm d} t = \frac{A^2 \cdot T}{2} \hspace{0.05cm}\underline{= 1 \cdot E} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
- Here it is considered that $T$ is an even multiple of $1/f_{\rm T}$, so the second integral vanishes.
- Further:
- $$||s_1(t)|| = \sqrt{E_1} = \sqrt{E} = \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline{1 \cdot\sqrt{E}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(2) Solution 3 is correct: The basis function $\varphi_1(t)$ is equal in form to $s_1(t)$, where holds:
- $$\varphi_1(t) = \frac{s_1(t)}{||s_1(t)||}= \frac{A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )}{\sqrt{E}}= \frac{A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )}{\sqrt{1/2 \cdot A^2 \cdot T}} = \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(3) Solution 1 is correct since according to the equation given in (2):
- $$s_1(t) = ||s_1(t)|| \cdot \varphi_1(t) = \sqrt{E} \cdot \varphi_1(t) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(4) Using the signal $s_2(t)$ according to the given information, the basis function $\varphi_1(t)$ according to subtask (2) and the given trigonometric relation we get:
- $$s_{21} \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} \hspace{0.1cm} < \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t), \hspace{0.1cm}\varphi_1(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} > \hspace{0.1cm} = \int_{0}^{T}2A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + {\pi}/{4}) \cdot \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\, {\rm d} t = $$
- $$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}s_{21} = \sqrt{\frac{8A^2}{T}}\cdot \int_{0}^{T}\cos({\pi}/{4}) \cdot \cos^2(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\, {\rm d} t \hspace{0.1cm}- \sqrt{\frac{8A^2}{T}}\cdot \int_{0}^{T}\sin({\pi}/{4}) \cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\, {\rm d} t \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
- The second component yields the value $0$ (orthogonality). The first component yields:
- $$s_{21} = \sqrt{\frac{8A^2}{T}}\cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot \frac{T}{2} = \sqrt{A^2 \cdot T} = \sqrt{2E} \hspace{0.1cm}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline { = 1.414 \cdot \sqrt{E}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(5) According to the Gram–Schmidt process, we obtain
- $$\theta_2(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} s_2(t) - s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t)\hspace{0.05cm} = 2A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + {\pi}/{4}) - \sqrt{A^2 \cdot T} \cdot \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) $$
- $$\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm}\theta_2(t) = 2A \cdot \cos({\pi}/{4})\cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\hspace{0.1cm} - \hspace{0.1cm} 2A \cdot \sin({\pi}/{4})\cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\hspace{0.1cm} - \sqrt{2} \cdot A \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
- With $\cos {(\pi/4)} = \sin (\pi/4) =\sqrt{0.5}$ it follows:
- $$\theta_2(t) = - \sqrt{2} \cdot A \cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- Therefore, solution 2 is correct.
(6) Analogous to subtask (2), the orthonormal basis function $\varphi_2(t)$ is given by
- $$\varphi_2(t) = \frac{\theta_2(t)}{||\theta_2(t)||} = - \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- Thus, the signal $s_2(t)$ can be represented by $s_{21}$ according to subtask (4) as follows:
- $$s_2(t)\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} s_{21} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{22} \cdot \varphi_2(t) \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.2cm}s_{21} = \underline{ = 1.414 \cdot \sqrt {E}}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$s_{22}\hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} \frac{\theta_2(t)}{\varphi_2(t)} = \frac{-\sqrt{2} \cdot A \cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )} {-\sqrt{2/T}\cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )} = \sqrt{2} \cdot \sqrt{1/2 \cdot A^2 \cdot T}\hspace{0.05cm} \underline{ = 1.414 \cdot \sqrt {E}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
(7) We consider very many energy-limited signals $(M \gg 2)$ of the following form:
- $$s_i(t)= \left\{ \begin{array}{c} A_i \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + \phi_i) \\ 0 \end{array} \right.\quad \begin{array}{*{1}c} 0 \le t < T \hspace{0.05cm}, \\ {\rm otherwise}\hspace{0.05cm}. \\ \end{array}$$
The indexing variable can take the values $i = 1, 2, \ \text{...} \ , M$. Then holds:
- All $M$ signals can be completely described by only $N = 2$ basis functions:
- $$s_i(t)= s_{i1} \cdot \varphi_1(t) + s_{i2} \cdot \varphi_2(t) \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
- If one proceeds according to the Gram–Schmidt process, one obtains for the two basis functions
- $$\varphi_1(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + \phi_1)\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.5cm} \varphi_2(t) = \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t + \phi_1 \pm {\pi}/{2})\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- The sign in the argument of the second cosine function $(± \pi/2)$ is not unique. Rather, the sign of $s_{i 2}$ also depends on whether the plus sign or the minus sign was used for $\varphi_2(t)$.
- However, possible basis functions that then lead to other coefficients are also:
- $$\varphi_1(t) \hspace{-0.1cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.1cm} \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \cos(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.5cm} \varphi_2(t) \pm \sqrt{{2}/{T}} \cdot \sin(2\pi f_{\rm T}t )\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
⇒ So the solutions 2 and 3 are correct.
