Exercise 5.4: Walsh Functions (PCCF, PACF)

Hadamard matrix ${\mathbf{H}_{8}}$

The so-called "Walsh functions", which can be constructed by means of the Hadamard matrix, are often used for band spreading and band compression. Starting from the matrix

$${\mathbf{H}_{2}} = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} +1 & +1 \\ +1 & -1 \end{array} \right] $$

the further Hadamard matrices $ {\mathbf{H}_{4}}$, $ {\mathbf{H}_{8}}$, etc. can be derived by the following recursion:

$$ {\mathbf{H}_{2J}} = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \mathbf{H}_J & \mathbf{H}_J \\ \mathbf{H}_J & -\mathbf{H}_J \end{array} \right] \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The diagram shows the matrix $ {\mathbf{H}_{8}}$ for the spreading factor $J = 8$. From this we can derive the spreading sequences

$$ \langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$ \langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$...$$

$$\langle w_\nu^{(7)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm}{+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm}$$

for seven CDMA subscribers. The spreading sequence $ \langle w_\nu^{(0)}\rangle$ corresponding to the first row in the Hadamard matrix is usually not assigned because it does not spread.

The questions mostly refer to the spreading factor $J = 4$. Thus, correspondingly, a maximum of three CDMA subscribers can be supplied with the spreading sequences $ \langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle$, $ \langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle$ and $ \langle w_\nu^{(3)}\rangle$, which result from the second, third and fourth rows of the matrix $ {\mathbf{H}_{4}}$.

Regarding the correlation functions, the following nomenclature shall apply in this exercise:

The periodic cross-correlation function $\rm (PCCF)$ between the sequences $ \langle w_\nu^{(i)}\rangle$ and $ \langle w_\nu^{(j)}\rangle$ is denoted by $φ_{ij}(λ)$. Here:

$${\it \varphi}_{ij}(\lambda) = {\rm E}\left [ w_{\nu}^{(i)} \cdot w_{\nu+ \lambda}^{(j)} \right ] \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

If $φ_{ij} \equiv 0$ $($that is: $φ_{ij}(λ) = 0$ for all values of $λ)$, the CDMA subscribers do not interfere with each other, even if they have different propagation times.
If at least $φ_{ij}({\it λ} = 0) = 0$ applies, then no interference occurs, at least in synchronous CDMA operation $($no or equal propagation times of all subscribers$).$
The periodic auto-correlation function $\rm (PACF)$ of the Walsh function $ \langle w_\nu^{(i)}\rangle$ is denoted by $φ_{ii}(λ)$, and it holds:

$${\it \varphi}_{ii}(\lambda) = {\rm E}\left [ w_{\nu}^{(i)} \cdot w_{\nu+ \lambda}^{(i)} \right ] \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Notes:

The exercise belongs to the chapter Spreading Sequences for CDMA.
Reference is made in particular to the section Walsh functions in the theory part.
We would also like to draw your attention to the interactive applet Generation of Walsh functions.
The abscissa is normalized to the chip duration $T_c$. This means that $λ = 1$ actually describes a shift by the delay time $τ = T_c$.

Questions

Solution

(1) All solutions are correct:

The matrix $ {\mathbf{H}_{4}}$ is the upper left submatrix of $ {\mathbf{H}_{8}}$.
The spreading sequences result from the rows 2, 3 and 4 of $ {\mathbf{H}_{4}}$, and agree with the given sequences.

(2) Solutions 1, 2 and 3 are correct:

According to the equations in the data section, the following holds:

$${\it \varphi}_{12}(\lambda = 0) = 1/4 \cdot \left [ (+1) \cdot (+1) + (-1) \cdot (+1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) + (-1) \cdot (-1) \right ] = 0\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$${\it \varphi}_{13}(\lambda = 0) = 1/4\cdot \left [ (+1) \cdot (+1) + (-1) \cdot (-1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) + (-1) \cdot (+1) \right ] = 0\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$${\it \varphi}_{23}(\lambda = 0) =1/4 \cdot \left [ (+1) \cdot (+1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) + (-1) \cdot (-1) + (-1) \cdot (+1) \right ] = 0\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Also, for larger values of $J$, for $i ≠ j$ the PCCF value is always $φ_{ij}(λ = 0)= 0$.
It follows: In synchronous CDMA, the subscribers do not interfere with each other.

(3) Solutions 1 and 2 are correct:

For all values of $λ$, the PCCF is $φ_{12}(λ) = 0$, as shown by the following lines:

$$\langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$ $$\langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.3cm}{\rm product\hspace{0.1cm} with \hspace{0.1cm}}\langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle: {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\langle w_{\nu+1}^{(2)}\rangle = {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.3cm}{\rm product\hspace{0.1cm} with \hspace{0.1cm}}\langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle: {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\langle w_{\nu+2}^{(2)}\rangle = {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm product\hspace{0.1cm} with \hspace{0.1cm}}\langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle: {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\langle w_{\nu+3}^{(2)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.3cm}{\rm product\hspace{0.1cm} with \hspace{0.1cm}}\langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle: {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$\langle w_{\nu+4}^{(2)}\rangle = {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {+\hspace{-0.05cm}1} \hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1}\hspace{0.15cm} {-\hspace{-0.05cm}1} = \langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Different PCCF and PACF curves

The same is true for the PCCF $φ_{13}(λ)$.
In contrast, for the PCCF between the sequences $ \langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle$ and $ \langle w_\nu^{(3)}\rangle$ we obtain:

$${\it \varphi}_{23}(\lambda ) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c}0 \\+1\\ -1 \\ \end{array} \right. \begin{array}{*{10}c} {\rm{for}} \\ {\rm{for}} \\ {\rm{for}} \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{*{20}c} \lambda = 0, \pm 2, \pm 4,\pm 6, ... \hspace{0.05cm}, \\ \hspace{0.14cm} \lambda = ... \hspace{0.05cm} , -3, +1, +5, ... \hspace{0.05cm}, \\ \hspace{0.14cm} \lambda = ... \hspace{0.05cm} , -5, -1, +3, ... \hspace{0.05cm}. \\ \end{array}$$

This means: if the signal from subscriber $3$ is delayed by one spreading chip with respect to subscriber $2$ or vice versa, the subscribers can no longer be separated and there is a significant increase in the error probability.
In the diagram, the PKKF curves are drawn in dashed lines (violet and red).

(4) Statements 1, 2 and 4 are correct:

Since the Walsh function no. $1$ is periodic with $T_0 = 2T_c$, the PACF is also periodic with $λ = 2$.
The second statement is correct, as shown by the following calculation (green curve):

$${\it \varphi}_{11}(\lambda = 0) = 1/4 \cdot \big [ (+1) \cdot (+1) + (-1) \cdot (-1) + (+1) \cdot (+1) + (-1) \cdot (-1) \big ] = +1\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$${\it \varphi}_{11}(\lambda = 1) = 1/4 \cdot \big [ (+1) \cdot (-1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) + (+1) \cdot (-1) \big ] = -1\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

Since the two Walsh functions no. $2$ and $3$ differ only by a shift around $T_c$ and a phase in the PACF has no effect in principle, in fact, according to the last statement, $φ_{33}(λ) = φ_{22}(λ)$. These two PACF functions are plotted in blue.
In contrast, $φ_{22}(λ)$ differs from $φ_{11}(λ)$ by a different periodicity: $φ_{22}(λ) = φ_{33}(λ)$ is twice as wide as $φ_{11}(λ)$.

	For $J = 4$, $φ_{12}(λ = 0) = 0$.
	For $J = 4$, $φ_{13}(λ = 0) = 0$.
	For $J = 4$, $φ_{23}(λ = 0) = 0$.
	For $J = 8$, $φ_{ij}(λ = 0) ≠ 0$ may well hold $(i ≠ j)$.
	In synchronous CDMA, the subscribers do not interfere with each other.

	For all values of $λ$, the PCCF is $φ_{12}(λ) = 0$.
	For all values of $λ$, the PCCF is $φ_{13}(λ) = 0$.
	For all values of $λ$, the PCCF is $φ_{23}(λ) = 0$.
	In asynchronous CDMA, the subscribers do not interfere with each other.

	All $φ_{ii}(λ)$ curves are periodic.
	$φ_{11}(λ = 0) = +\hspace{-0.05cm}1$ and $φ_{11}(λ = 1) = -\hspace{-0.05cm}1$ hold.
	$φ_{22}(λ) = φ_{11}(λ)$ holds.
	$φ_{33}(λ) = φ_{22}(λ)$ holds.

	$ \langle w_\nu^{(1)}\rangle = +\hspace{-0.05cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1 +\hspace{-0.15cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1$,
	$ \langle w_\nu^{(2)}\rangle = +\hspace{-0.05cm}1 +\hspace{-0.15cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1$,
	$ \langle w_\nu^{(3)}\rangle = +\hspace{-0.05cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1 -\hspace{-0.15cm}1 +\hspace{-0.15cm}1$.