Exercise 3.2Z: (3, 1, 3) Convolutional Encoder
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Convolutional encoder with parameters $k = 1, \ n = 3, \ m = 3$.
The presented convolutional encoder is defined by the parameters
- $k = 1$ $($only one information sequence $\underline{u})$, and
- $n = 3$ $($three code sequences $\underline{x}^{(1)}, \ \underline{x}^{(2)}, \ \underline{x}^{(3)}).$
From the number of memory cells, the memory $m = 3$.
With the information bit $u_i$ to the coding step $i$, the following code bits are obtained:
- $$x_i^{(1)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_{i} + u_{i-1} + u_{i-3}\hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$x_i^{(2)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_{i} + u_{i-1} + u_{i-2} + u_{i-3} \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $$x_i^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_{i} + u_{i-2} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
From this, partial matrices $\mathbf{G}_l$ can be derived, as described on the page "Division of the generator matrix into partial matrices" .
- For the generator matrix can thus be written:
- $$ { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}=\begin{pmatrix} { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_0 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_1 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_2 & \cdots & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_m & & & \\ & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_0 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_1 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_2 & \cdots & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_m & &\\ & & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_0 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_1 & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_2 & \cdots & { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}_m &\\ & & & \ddots & \ddots & & & \ddots \end{pmatrix}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
- For the code sequence $\underline{x} = (x_1^{(1)}, \ x_1^{(2)}, \ x_1^{(3)}, \ x_2^{(1)}, \ x_2^{(2)}, \ x_2^{(3)}, \ \text{...})$ holds:
- $$\underline{x} = \underline{u} \cdot { \boldsymbol{\rm G}} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Hints:
- This exercise belongs to the chapter "Algebraic and Polynomial Description".
- Reference is made in particular to the section "Division of the generator matrix into partial matrices".
Questions
Solution
(1) For the index $l$ of the partial matrices, $0 ≤ l ≤ m$.
- The coder under consideration has memory $m = 3$.
- Thereby four partial matrices are to be considered.
(2) Each partial matrix $\mathbf{G}_l$ consists of.
- one row ⇒ $k = 1$, and
- three columns ⇒ $n = 3$.
(3) All statements are correct:
- Since the current information bit $u_i$ affects all three outputs $x_i^{(1)}, \ x_i^{(2)}$ and $x_i^{(3)}$, $\mathbf{G}_0 = (1, 1, 1)$.
- In contrast, $\mathbf{G}_3 = (1, 1, 0)$ states that only the first two inputs are affected by $u_{i-3}$, but not $x_i^{(3)}$.
(4) Correct is the proposed solution 2:
Generator matrix $\mathbf{G}$
- The searched generator matrix $\mathbf{G}$ is shown on the right, where the four partial matrices $\mathbf{G}_0, \ ... , \mathbf{G}_3$ are distinguished by color.
- The following vector equation gives the result corresponding to the second proposed solution 2:
- $$\underline{x} = \underline{u} \cdot { \boldsymbol{\rm G}} = (1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 0\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 1) \cdot { \boldsymbol{\rm G}}. $$
- The code sequence $\underline{x}$ is thereby equal to the modulo 2 sum of the matrix rows 1, 3 and 4.
- The three code sequences of the individual branches are distinguished by color. For example, the following applies to the lower output:
- $$\underline{x}^{(3)} = (1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 0\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 0\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} 1\hspace{0.05cm},\hspace{0.05cm} ... \hspace{0.05cm}) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Using the equations given above, this result can be verified:
- $${x}_1^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_1 + u_{-1} = 1+ (0) = 1 \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${x}_2^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_2 + u_{0} = 0+ (0) = 0 \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${x}_3^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_3 + u_{1} = 1+1 = 0 \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${x}_4^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_4 + u_{2} = 1+0 = 1 \hspace{0.05cm},$$
- $${x}_5^{(3)} \hspace{-0.15cm} \ = \ \hspace{-0.15cm} u_5 + u_{3} = 0+ 1 = 1 \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
Notes:
- The memory preallocation with zeros is taken into account here: $u_0 = u_{–1} = 0$.
- If, as assumed here, the information sequence is limited to four bits, then ones can occur in the code sequence up to the position $(4 + m) \cdot n = 21$.
