# Exercise 3.9: Further Developments of UMTS

Some  $\rm GSM/UMTS$  developments

Shortly after the first release of  GSM  and  UMTS, there were already efforts to significantly increase the speed of data transmission.  The following standardized system variants were developed:

• $\rm HSCSD$:   "High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data",
• $\rm GPRS$:   "General Packet Radio Service",
• $\rm EDGE$:   "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution",
• $\rm HSUPA$:   "High-Speed Uplink Packet Access",
• $\rm HSDPA$:   "High-Speed Downlink Packet Access".

HSUPA and HSDPA are also combined to form  "High-Speed Packet Access"   ⇒   $\rm HSPA$.  The above chart shows the data transmission rates of these advanced mobile communications standards, whereby we specify so-called  "peak data rates"  for HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE, which were difficult to achieve under real conditions  (at least in this year 2012).

The indicated rates for HSUPA and HSDPA are now quite realistic.

• The standard has been modified several times.  In 2012, the „peak data rates” for HSUPA have been denoted as   $6 \ \rm Mbit/s$ , and equivalently for HSDPA  $28.8 \ \rm Mbit/s$ .
• However, it has to be taken into account that under "best conditions",
• HSCSD/GPRS/EDGE means a single user with a bandwidth of  $400 \ \rm kHz$,  and
• HSUPA/HSDPA means a single user with a bandwidth of  $5 \ \rm MHz$  (i.e. even better conditions).

Notes:

### Questionnaire

1

Which of the following standards are based on UMTS technology?

 HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA.

2

Which of the following standards belong to the 3rd generation of mobile phones?

 HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA.

3

How do you achieve the data rate  $57.6 \ \rm kbit/s$  with HSCSD?

 Through the packet-oriented system architecture. Through a higher code rate (puncturing of the convolutional code). By combining several time slots.

4

Which of the following features characterize GPRS?

 It is packet-oriented instead of circuit-oriented. It also uses 8-PSK modulation. Several time slots can be combined.

5

Which of the following features characterize EDGE?

 It is packet-oriented instead of circuit-oriented. It also uses 8-PSK modulation. Several time slots can be combined.

6

Which of the following features characterize HSPA?

 HSDPA/HSUPA use hybrid ARQ and node scheduling. Modulation, coding and transmission rate are adaptive. Adaptation is made with regard to the maximum cell capacity.

### Solution

#### Solution

(1)  Correct is only the solution 4:

• Only HSDPA and HSUPA are further developments of UMTS.
• HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE, on the other hand, are assigned to the GSM phase  $2+$.

(2)  The solutions 3 and 4 are applicable:

• EDGE is actually also counted among the 3G mobile phone systems, although it was created in the GSM phase  $2+$.

(3)  Correct are the solutions 2 and 3:

• With HSCSD, the data rate that can be transmitted in one time slot is increased by  $50 \%$  from  $9.6 \ \rm kbit/s$  (with conventional GSM) to  $14.4 \ \rm kbit/s$  by puncturing the convolutional code.
• By bundling four time slots, the maximum transmission rate of  $57.6 \ \ \rm kbit/s$  is finally achieved with this circuit-oriented further developed GSM.
• The best conditions are required for this.  In reality, this theoretical value is rather not reached.

(4)  Correct are the statements 1 and 3:

• Packet-oriented transmission and some other measures leading to shorter access times result in a data transfer rate of up to  $21.4 \ \rm kbit/s$.
• By bundling eight time slots  ("Multislot Capability") one reaches a maximum of  $171.2 \ \ \rm kbit/s$  (but this is also a theoretical value).
• As with conventional GSM, only "Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying" (GMSK) is used as modulation method.

(5)  Correct are all proposed solutions:

• EDGE is also package-oriented and provides a total of nine different  Modulation and Coding Schemes  (MCS) which are selected according to the channel conditions.
• In the higher modes (MCS-5 and higher), the more compact modulation method  "8-PSK"  is used instead of GMSK, in which three bits are transmitted with each input symbol, thus (theoretically) tripling the data rate.
• With MCS-8  $($according to the specification  $54.5 \ \rm kbit/s)$  and seven time slots, one reaches  $380.8 \ \rm kbit/s$  and thus the order of magnitude of UMTS.

(6) All solution suggestions are correct:

• At HSPA one uses the  Hybrid ARQ procedure and "Node B Scheduling"