# Exercise 4.1: Low-Pass and Band-Pass Signals

Given signal curves

Three signal curves are sketched on the right, the first two having the following curve:

$$x(t) = 10\hspace{0.05cm}{\rm V} \cdot {\rm si} ( \pi \cdot {t}/{T_x}) ,$$
$$y(t) = 6\hspace{0.05cm}{\rm V} \cdot {\rm si}( \pi \cdot {t}/{T_y}) .$$

$T_x = 100 \,{\rm µ}\text{s}$  and  $T_y = 166.67 \,{\rm µ}\text{s}$  indicate the first zero of  $x(t)$  and  $y(t)$ respectively. The signal  $d(t)$  results from the difference of the two upper signals (lower graph):

$$d(t) = x(t)-y(t) .$$

In subtask  (4)  the integral areas of the pulses  $x(t)$  and  $d(t)$  are asked for.  For these holds:

$$F_x = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}x(t)\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}t , \hspace{0.5cm}F_d = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}d(t)\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}t .$$

On the other hand, for the corresponding signal energies with  Parseval's theorem:

$$E_x = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}|x(t)|^2\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}t = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}|X(f)|^2\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}f ,$$
$$E_d = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}|d(t)|^2\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}t = \int_{- \infty}^{+\infty}\hspace{-0.4cm}|D(f)|^2\hspace{0.1cm}{\rm d}f .$$

Hints:

• The inverse Fourier transform of a rectangular spectrum  $X(f)$  leads to an  $\rm si$–shaped time function $x(t)$:
$$X(f)=\left\{ {X_0 \; \rm f\ddot{u}r\; |\it f| < \rm B, \atop {\rm 0 \;\;\; \rm sonst}}\right. \;\; \bullet\!\!-\!\!\!-\!\!\!-\!\!\circ\, \;\;x(t) = 2 \cdot X_0 \cdot B \cdot {\rm si} ( 2\pi B t) .$$
• In this task, the  function $\rm si(x) = \rm sin(x)/x = \rm sinc(x/π)$  is used.

### Questions

1

What is the spectrum  $X(f)$  of the signal  $x(t)$?  What are the magnitudes of  $X(f = 0)$  and the physical, one-sided bandwidth  $B_x$  of  $x(t)$?

 $X(f=0)\ = \$  $\text{mV/Hz}$ $B_x \ = \$  $\text{kHz}$

2

What are the corresponding characteristics of the signal  $y(t)$?

 $Y(f=0)\ = \$  $\text{mV/Hz}$ $B_y \ = \$  $\text{kHz}$

3

Calculate the spectrum  $D(f)$  of the difference signal  $d(t) = x(t) - y(t)$.  How large are  $D(f = 0)$  and the (one-sided) bandwidth  $B_d$?

 $D(f=0)\ = \$  $\text{mV/Hz}$ $B_d \ = \$  $\text{kHz}$

4

What are the integral areas  $F_x$  and  $F_d$  of the signals  $x(t)$  and  $d(t)$?

 $F_x\ = \$  $\text{Vs}$ $F_d\ = \$  $\text{Vs}$

5

What are the energies (coverted to  $1\ Ω$ ) of these signals?

 $E_x \ = \$  $\text{V}^2\text{s}$ $E_d \ = \$  $\text{V}^2\text{s}$

### Solution

#### Solution

(1)  The  $\rm si$–shaped time function  $x(t)$  suggests a rectangular spectrum  $X(f)$ .

• The absolute, two-sided bandwidth  $2 \cdot B_x$  is equal to the reciprocal of the first zero.  It follows that:
$$B_x = \frac{1}{2 \cdot T_x} = \frac{1}{2 \cdot 0.1 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm ms}}\hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{ = 5 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm kHz}}.$$
• Since the signal value at  $t = 0$  is equal to the rectangular area, the constant height is given by:
$$X(f=0) = \frac{x(t=0)}{2 B_x} = \frac{10 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V}}{10 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm kHz}} \hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{= 1 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm mV/Hz}}.$$

(2)  From  $T_y = 0.167 \,\text{ms}$  we get  $B_y \;\underline{= 3 \,\text{kHz}}$.

• Together with  $y(t = 0) = 6\,\text{V}$  this leads to the same spectral value  $Y(f = 0)\; \underline{= 1\, \text{mV/Hz}}$  as in subtaske  (1).

Rectangular band-pass spectrum

(3)  From  $d(t) = x(t) - y(t)$  follows because of the linearity of the Fourier transform:   $D(f) = X(f) - Y(f).$

• The difference of the two equal high rectangular functions leads to a rectangular band-pass spectrum between  $3 \,\text{kHz}$  and  $5 \,\text{kHz}$.
• The (one-sided) bandwidth is thus  $B_d \;\underline{= 2 \,\text{kHz}}$.  In this frequency interval  $D(f) = 1 \,\text{mV/Hz}$.  Outside, i.e. also at  $f = 0$,   $D(f)\;\underline{ = 0}$ applies.

(4)  According to the fundamental laws of the Fourier transform, the integral over the time function is equal to the spectral value at  $f = 0$.  It follows: :

$$F_x = X(f=0) = \frac{x(t=0)}{2 \cdot B_x} = 10^{-3} \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V/Hz}\hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{= 0.001 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm Vs}},$$
$$F_d = D(f=0) \hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{= 0}.$$

⇒  For each band-pass signal, the areas of the positive signal components are equal to the areas of the negative components.

(5)  In both cases, the calculation of the signal energy is easier in the frequency domain than in the time domain, because here the integration can be reduced to an area calculation of rectangles:

$$E_x = (10^{-3} \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V/Hz})^2 \cdot 2 \cdot 5 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm kHz} \hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{= 0.01 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V^2s}},$$
$$E_d = (10^{-3} \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V/Hz})^2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm kHz} \hspace{0.15 cm}\underline{= 0.004 \hspace{0.1cm}{\rm V^2s}}.$$