Aufgaben:Exercise 3.2Z: Two-dimensional Probability Mass Function: Difference between revisions
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{{quiz-Header|Buchseite= | {{quiz-Header|Buchseite=Information_Theory/Some_Preliminary_Remarks_on_Two-Dimensional_Random_Variables | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:P_ID2752__Inf_Z_3_2_neu.png|right|]] | [[File:P_ID2752__Inf_Z_3_2_neu.png|right|frame|$\rm PMF$ of the two-dimensional random variable $XY$]] | ||
We consider the random variables $X = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3 \}$ and $Y = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2 \}$, whose joint probability mass function $P_{XY}(X,\ Y)$ is given. | |||
*From this two-dimensional probability mass function $\rm (PMF)$, the one-dimensional probability mass functions $P_X(X)$ and $P_Y(Y)$ are to be determined. | |||
*Such a one-dimensional probability mass function is sometimes also called "marginal probability". | |||
$Y$ | If $P_{XY}(X,\ Y) = P_X(X) \cdot P_Y(Y)$, the two random variables $X$ and $Y$ are statistically independent. Otherwise, there are statistical dependencies between them. | ||
In the second part of the task we consider the random variables $U= \big \{ 0,\ 1 \big \}$ and $V= \big \{ 0,\ 1 \big \}$, which result from $X$ and $Y$ by modulo-2 operations: | |||
:$$U = X \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2, \hspace{0.3cm} V = Y \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2.$$ | |||
<u>Hints:</u> | |||
*The exercise belongs to the chapter [[Information_Theory/Einige_Vorbemerkungen_zu_zweidimensionalen_Zufallsgrößen|Some preliminary remarks on two-dimensional random variables]]. | |||
*The same constellation is assumed here as in [[Aufgaben:Aufgabe_3.2:_Erwartungswertberechnungen|Exercise 3.2]]. | |||
*There the random variables $Y = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3 \}$ were considered, but with the addition ${\rm Pr}(Y = 3) = 0$. | |||
*The property $|X| = |Y|$ forced in this way was advantageous in the previous task for the formal calculation of the expected value. | |||
===Questions=== | |||
=== | |||
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
{ | {What is the probability mass function $P_X(X)$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$P_X(0)$ | $P_X(0) \ = \ $ { 0.5 3% } | ||
$P_X(1)$ | $P_X(1) \ = \ $ { 0.125 3% } | ||
$P_X(2)$ | $P_X(2)\ = \ $ { 0. } | ||
$P_X(3)$ | $P_X(3) \ = \ ${ 0.375 3% } | ||
{ | {What is the probability mass function $P_Y(Y)$? | ||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$P_Y(0)$ | $P_Y(0) \ = \ $ { 0.5 3% } | ||
$P_Y(1)$ | $P_Y(1) \ = \ $ { 0.25 3% } | ||
$P_Y(2)$ | $P_Y(2) \ = \ $ { 0.25 3% } | ||
{ | {Are the random variables $X$ and $Y$ statistically independent? | ||
|type="()"} | |||
- Yes, | |||
+ No. | |||
{ | |||
{Determine the probabilities $P_{UV}( U,\ V)$. | |||
|type="{}"} | |type="{}"} | ||
$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 0)$ | $P_{UV}( U = 0,\ V = 0) \ = \ $ { 0.375 3% } | ||
$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 1)$ | $P_{UV}( U = 0,\ V = 1) \ = \ $ { 0.375 3% } | ||
$P_{UV}( U = 1, V = 0)$ | $P_{UV}( U = 1,\ V = 0) \ = \ $ { 0.125 3% } | ||
$P_{UV}( U =1, V = 1)$ | $P_{UV}( U =1,\ V = 1) \ = \ $ { 0.125 3% } | ||
{ | {Are the random variables $U$ and $V$ statistically independent? | ||
|type=" | |type="()"} | ||
- | + Yes, | ||
- No. | |||
| Line 69: | Line 70: | ||
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
=== | ===Solution=== | ||
{{ML-Kopf}} | {{ML-Kopf}} | ||
'''1 | '''(1)''' You get from $P_{XY}(X,\ Y)$ to the one-dimensional probability mass function $P_X(X)$ by summing up all $Y$ probabilities: | ||
:$$P_X(X = x_{\mu}) = \sum_{y \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} Y} \hspace{0.1cm} P_{XY}(x_{\mu}, y).$$ | |||
$$P_X(X = x_{\mu}) = \sum_{y \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} Y} \hspace{0.1cm} P_{XY}(x_{\mu}, y)$$ | *One thus obtains the following numerical values: | ||
:$$P_X(X = 0) = 1/4+1/8+1/8 = 1/2 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.500},$$ | |||
:$$P_X(X = 1)= 0+0+1/8 = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125},$$ | |||
$$ | :$$P_X(X = 2) = 0+0+0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0}$$ | ||
:$$P_X(X = 3) = 1/4+1/8+0=3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375}\hspace{0.5cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.5cm} P_X(X) = \big [ 1/2, \ 1/8 , \ 0 , \ 3/8 \big ].$$ | |||
$$P_X(X = 1)= 0+0+1/8 = 1/8 =0.125$$ | |||
$$P_X(X = 2) = 0+0+0 = 0$$ | |||
'''2 | '''(2)''' Analogous to sub-task '''(1)''' , the following now holds: | ||
:$$P_Y(Y = y_{\kappa}) = \sum_{x \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} X} \hspace{0.1cm} P_{XY}(x, y_{\kappa})$$ | |||
:$$P_Y(Y= 0) = 1/4+0+0+1/4 = 1/2 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.500},$$ | |||
:$$P_Y(Y = 1) = 1/8+0+0+1/8 = 1/4 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.250},$$ | |||
:$$P_Y(Y = 2) = 1/8+1/8+0+0 = 1/4 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.250} \hspace{0.5cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.5cm} P_Y(Y= 0) = \big [ 1/2, \ 1/4 , \ 1/4 ].$$ | |||
$P_Y(Y | '''(3)''' With statistical independence, $P_{XY}(X,Y)= P_X(X) \cdot P_Y(Y)$ should be. | ||
*This does not apply here: answer <u>'''NO'''</u>. | |||
''' | '''(4)''' Starting from the left-hand table ⇒ $P_{XY}(X,Y)$, we arrive at the middle table ⇒ $P_{UY}(U,Y)$, <br>by combining certain probabilities according to $U = X \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2$. | ||
If one also takes into account $V = Y \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2$, one obtains the probabilities sought according to the right-hand table: | |||
[[File:P_ID2753__Inf_Z_3_2d_neu.png|right|frame|Different probability functions]] | |||
$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 0) = P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 1) = 3/8 = 0.375$ | :$$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 0) = 3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375},$$ | ||
:$$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 1) = 3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375},$$ | |||
:$$P_{UV}( U = 1, V = 0) = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125},$$ | |||
:$$P_{UV}( U = 1, V = 1) = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125}.$$ | |||
'''5 | '''(5)''' The correct answer is <u>'''YES'''</u>: | ||
*The corresponding one-dimensional probability mass functions are: | |||
:$$P_U(U) = \big [1/2 , \ 1/2 \big ],$$ | |||
:$$P_V(V)=\big [3/4, \ 1/4 \big ].$$ | |||
*Thus: $P_{UV}(U,V) = P_U(U) \cdot P_V(V)$ ⇒ $U$ and $V$ are statistically independent. | |||
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[[Category: | [[Category:Information Theory: Exercises|^3.1 General Information on 2D Random Variables^]] | ||
[[de:Aufgaben:Aufgabe 3.2Z: 2D–Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:54, 16 March 2026

We consider the random variables $X = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3 \}$ and $Y = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2 \}$, whose joint probability mass function $P_{XY}(X,\ Y)$ is given.
- From this two-dimensional probability mass function $\rm (PMF)$, the one-dimensional probability mass functions $P_X(X)$ and $P_Y(Y)$ are to be determined.
- Such a one-dimensional probability mass function is sometimes also called "marginal probability".
If $P_{XY}(X,\ Y) = P_X(X) \cdot P_Y(Y)$, the two random variables $X$ and $Y$ are statistically independent. Otherwise, there are statistical dependencies between them.
In the second part of the task we consider the random variables $U= \big \{ 0,\ 1 \big \}$ and $V= \big \{ 0,\ 1 \big \}$, which result from $X$ and $Y$ by modulo-2 operations:
- $$U = X \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2, \hspace{0.3cm} V = Y \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2.$$
Hints:
- The exercise belongs to the chapter Some preliminary remarks on two-dimensional random variables.
- The same constellation is assumed here as in Exercise 3.2.
- There the random variables $Y = \{ 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3 \}$ were considered, but with the addition ${\rm Pr}(Y = 3) = 0$.
- The property $|X| = |Y|$ forced in this way was advantageous in the previous task for the formal calculation of the expected value.
Questions
Solution
- $$P_X(X = x_{\mu}) = \sum_{y \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} Y} \hspace{0.1cm} P_{XY}(x_{\mu}, y).$$
- One thus obtains the following numerical values:
- $$P_X(X = 0) = 1/4+1/8+1/8 = 1/2 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.500},$$
- $$P_X(X = 1)= 0+0+1/8 = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125},$$
- $$P_X(X = 2) = 0+0+0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0}$$
- $$P_X(X = 3) = 1/4+1/8+0=3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375}\hspace{0.5cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.5cm} P_X(X) = \big [ 1/2, \ 1/8 , \ 0 , \ 3/8 \big ].$$
(2) Analogous to sub-task (1) , the following now holds:
- $$P_Y(Y = y_{\kappa}) = \sum_{x \hspace{0.05cm} \in \hspace{0.05cm} X} \hspace{0.1cm} P_{XY}(x, y_{\kappa})$$
- $$P_Y(Y= 0) = 1/4+0+0+1/4 = 1/2 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.500},$$
- $$P_Y(Y = 1) = 1/8+0+0+1/8 = 1/4 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.250},$$
- $$P_Y(Y = 2) = 1/8+1/8+0+0 = 1/4 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.250} \hspace{0.5cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.5cm} P_Y(Y= 0) = \big [ 1/2, \ 1/4 , \ 1/4 ].$$
(3) With statistical independence, $P_{XY}(X,Y)= P_X(X) \cdot P_Y(Y)$ should be.
- This does not apply here: answer NO.
(4) Starting from the left-hand table ⇒ $P_{XY}(X,Y)$, we arrive at the middle table ⇒ $P_{UY}(U,Y)$,
by combining certain probabilities according to $U = X \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2$.
If one also takes into account $V = Y \hspace{0.1cm}\text{mod} \hspace{0.1cm} 2$, one obtains the probabilities sought according to the right-hand table:

- $$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 0) = 3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375},$$
- $$P_{UV}( U = 0, V = 1) = 3/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.375},$$
- $$P_{UV}( U = 1, V = 0) = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125},$$
- $$P_{UV}( U = 1, V = 1) = 1/8 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0.125}.$$
(5) The correct answer is YES:
- The corresponding one-dimensional probability mass functions are:
- $$P_U(U) = \big [1/2 , \ 1/2 \big ],$$
- $$P_V(V)=\big [3/4, \ 1/4 \big ].$$
- Thus: $P_{UV}(U,V) = P_U(U) \cdot P_V(V)$ ⇒ $U$ and $V$ are statistically independent.