Aufgaben:Exercise 3.7: PN Modulation

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Equivalent circuit diagrams of „PN modulation” and „BPSK”

The upper figure shows the equivalent circuit diagram of PN modulation (  Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, abbreviated DS-SS) in the equivalent low-pass range, where„ $n(t)$  stands for AWGN noise. Below, the low-pass model of binary phase modulation (BPSK) is sketched

• The low-pass transmitted signal  $s(t)$  is equal to the rectangular source signal  $q(t) ∈ \{+1, -1\}$  with rectangular duration  $T$  only for reasons of uniformity.
• The function of the integrator can be written as follows:

$$d (\nu T) = \frac{1}{T} \cdot \int_{(\nu -1 )T }^{\nu T} \hspace{-0.03cm} b (t )\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}t \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• The two models differ in the multiplication by the  $±1$-spreading signal  $c(t)$  at the transmitter and receiver, whereas of this signal  $c(t)$  only the spread degree   $J$  is known.
• The specification of the specific spreading sequence (M sequence or Walsh function) is not important for the solution of this task.

It has to be examined whether the lower BPSK model can also be applied with PN modulation and whether the BPSK error probability

$$p_{\rm B} = {\rm Q} \left( \hspace{-0.05cm} \sqrt { {2 \cdot E_{\rm B}}/{N_{\rm 0}} } \hspace{0.05cm} \right )$$

is also valid for PN modulation, or how the specified equation should be modified.

Notes:

• This exercise belongs to the chapter  Die Charakteristika von UMTS.

• The CDMA method used for UMTS is also known as "PN modulation".
• The nomenclature used in this task is also partly based on the  PN–Modulation  im Buch „Modulationsverfahren”.

Questionnaire

1

Which detection values are possible with BPSK (without noise)?

	$d(\nu T)$  is gauss distributed.
	$d(\nu T)$  can take the values   $+1$,  $0$  und  $-1$ .
	Only the values  $d(\nu T) = +1$  und  $d(\nu T) = -1$  are possible.

2

Which values are possible with PN modulation in a noise-free case??

	$d(\nu T)$  is gauss distributed.
	$d(\nu T)$  can take the values  $+1$,  $0$  und  $-1$ .
	Only the values  $d(\nu T) = +1$  und  $d(\nu T) = -1$  are possible.

3

What modification must be made to the BPSK model so that it can also be used for PN modulation?

	The noise   $n(t)$  must be replaced by  $n\hspace{0.05cm}'(t) = n(t) \cdot c(t)$ .
	The integration must now be done via  $J \cdot T$ .
	The noise power must be reduced by the factor  $J$ .

4

The following applies   $10 \cdot {\rm lg}\ (E_{\rm B}/N_0) = 6 \ \rm dB$.  what error probability nbsp; $p_{\rm B}$  results with PN modulation?
Hint:   For BPSK, the result is  $p_{\rm B} \approx 2.3 \cdot 10^{-3}$.

	The larger  $J$  is selected, the smaller  $p_{\rm B}$ is.
	The larger  $J$  is selected, the larger  $p_{\rm B}$.
	It results independently from  $J$ , always the value  $p_{\rm B} = 2.3 \cdot 10^{-3}$ results.

Sample solution

Solution

(1)  Correct is the solution 3:

• This is an optimal receiver.
• Without noise, the signal $b(t)$ within each bit is constantly equal to $+1$ or $-1$.
• From the equation given for the integrator

$$d (\nu T) = \frac{1}{T} \cdot \hspace{-0.03cm} \int_{(\nu -1 )T }^{\nu T} \hspace{-0.3cm} b (t )\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}t$$

follows that $d(\nu T)$ can only take the values $±1$.

(2)  Again, the solution 3 is correct:

• Im rauschfreien Fall   ⇒   $n(t) = 0$ kann auf die zweifache Multiplikation mit $c(t) ∈ \{+1, -1\}$   ⇒   $c(t)^{2} = 1$ verzichtet werden, so dass das obere Modell mit dem unteren Modell identisch ist.

(3)  The solution 1 is applicable:

• Since both models are identical in the noiseless case, only the noise signal has to be adjusted: $n'(t) = n(t) \cdot c(t)$.
• The solutions 2 and 3, on the other hand, are not applicable: Integration must still be done via $T = J \cdot T_{c}$ (not via $J \cdot T$) and PN modulation does not reduce the AWGN noise.

(4)  The solution 3 is correct:

• The equation valid for BPSK and AWGN channel

$$p_{\rm B} = {\rm Q} \left( \hspace{-0.05cm} \sqrt { \frac{2 \cdot E_{\rm B}}{N_{\rm 0}} } \hspace{0.05cm} \right )$$

is therefore also applicable to PN modulation, independent of the spreading factor $J$ and the specific spreading sequence.

• For AWGN noise, the error probability is neither increased nor decreased by band spreading.