Aufgaben:Exercise 2.5Z: Nyquist Equalization

• Return to book

Block diagram for the considered Nyquist system

A digital baseband transmission system is modelled by the depicted block diagram.

• The "transmitter", "channel" and "receiver" components are described in the frequency domain by  $H_{\rm S}(f)$,  $H_{\rm K}(f)$  and  $H_{\rm E}(f)$ .

• The overall frequency response  $H(f) = H_{\rm S}(f) \cdot H_{\rm K}(f) \cdot H_{\rm E}(f)$  has a  $\cos^2$–shaped curve:

$$H(f) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} \cos^2\left({\pi}/{2} \cdot f \cdot T \right) \\

0 \\  \end{array} \right.\quad \quad

\begin{array}{*{10}c} {\rm{f\ddot{u}r}} \\ {\rm{f\ddot{u}r}}

\\ \end{array}\begin{array}{*{20}c}

{\left| \hspace{0.005cm} f\hspace{0.05cm} \right| < 1/T,} \\ {\left|\hspace{0.005cm} f \hspace{0.05cm} \right| \ge 1/T.} \\ \end{array}$$

• The signal  $y(t)$  before the decision circuit thus exhibits equidistant zero crossings at intervals of  $T$ .
• It is assumed here that the source emits a  Dirac-delta  $x(t)$  with weight  $T$  (see graph).

It is pointed out that this is a so-called "Nyquist system".

As will be discussed in detail in the book  Digital_Signal_Transmission,  these Nyquist systems represent an important class of digital transmission systems since the sequentially transmitted symbols do not influence each other in such systems.

However, these far-reaching aspects are not needed for the solution of this task.

Here, it is only assumed that

• the transmission pulse  $s(t)$  be rectangular with pulse duration  $T$:

$$H_{\rm S}(f) = {\rm si}(\pi f T),$$

• the channel is assumed to be ideal up to and including subtask  (2)  while for the last subtask  (3)  the following shall hold:

$$H_{\rm K}(f) = H_{\rm G}(f) = {\rm e}^{-\pi(f \cdot T)^2} .$$

For both channels, the receiver and simultaneously the equalizer frequency response  $H_{\rm E}(f)$ are searched-for so that the overall frequency response has the desired Nyquist shape.

Please note:

• The task belongs to the chapter  Linear Distortions.

• The following trigonometric relation is assumed to be known:

$$\frac{\cos^2(\alpha /2)}{\sin(\alpha )} = {1}/{2} \cdot {\rm cot}(\alpha /2) .$$

Questions

1 Compute the output signal value at time  $t = 0$.

$y(t = 0) \ = \ $

2 First, let  $H_{\rm K}(f) = 1$ hold   ⇒   ideal channel. Compute the frequency response  $H_{\rm E}(f)$ for this case.
What values are obtained at the frequencies given below?

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0)| \ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.25)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.50)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.75)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 1.00)|\ = \ $

3 Compute  $H_{\rm E}(f)$  for the Gaussian-shaped channel  $H_{\rm K}(f) = H_{\rm G}(f)$  according to the description.

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.25)| \ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.50)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.75)|\ = \ $

$|H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 1.00)|\ = \ $

Solution

Solution

Cosine-square spectrum

(1)  Using the constant spectrum  $X(f) = T$  the following is obtained for the spectral function of the receiver output signal  $y(t)$:

$$Y(f)= T \cdot {H(f)}.$$

• The signal value at  $t = 0$  is equal to the area under $Y(f)$.
• As can be seen from the adjacent sketch, this is equal to  $1$. From this it follows that:

$$y(t = 0)\; \underline{= 1}.$$

Frequency response of the Nyquist equalizer

(2)  From the condition  $H_{\rm S}(f) \cdot H_{\rm E}(f) = H(f)$  it follows in the considered range:

$$H_{\rm E}(f)= \frac{H(f)}{H_{\rm S}(f)} = \frac{\cos^2(\pi f T/2)}{\sin(\pi f T)/(\pi f T)}.$$

• Due to  $\cos(0) = 1$  and  ${\rm si}(0) = 1$,    $H_{\rm E}(f = 0)\;\underline{=1}$ also holds.

• Considering the given trigonometric transformation it further holds that:

$$H_{\rm E}(f) = {\pi f T}/{2} \cdot {\rm cot}\left( {\pi f

T}/{2}\right),$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.25) = {\pi }/{8} \cdot {\rm cot}\left( 22.5^{\circ}\right)

= {\pi }/{8} \cdot 2.414 =
\hspace{0.15cm}\underline{0.948},$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.50) = {\pi }/{4} \cdot {\rm cot}\left( 45^{\circ}\right)

= {\pi }/{4} \cdot  1 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{=
0.785},$$

$$ H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.75) = {3 \pi }/{8} \cdot {\rm cot}\left( 67.5^{\circ}\right) = {3 \pi }/{8} \cdot 0.414 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{=

0.488},$$

$$ H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 1.00)= { \pi }/{2} \cdot {\rm cot}\left( 90^{\circ}\right) ={ \pi }/{2} \cdot 0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{ = 0}.$$

(3)  Considering the Gaussian channel the following holds: $$H_{\rm E}(f)= \frac{H(f)}{H_{\rm S}(f) \cdot H_{\rm K}(f)} = H_{\rm

E}^{(2)}(f)\cdot {\rm e}^{\pi (f\hspace{0.05cm}\cdot \hspace{0.05cm} T)^2}.$$

Here,  $H_{\rm E}^{(2)}(f)$  denotes the equalizer frequency response computed in the subtask  (2)  assuming an ideal channel. The following numerical results are obtained:

$$H_{\rm E}(f\cdot T = 0) = 1 \cdot {\rm e}^{0} \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 1},$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.25) = 0.948 \cdot 1.217 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 1.154},$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.50) = 0.785 \cdot 2.193 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 1.722},$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 0.75) = 0.488 \cdot 5.854 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 2.857},$$

$$H_{\rm E}(f \cdot T = 1.00) = 0 \cdot 23.141 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline{= 0}.$$

The green curve in the graph above summarises the results of this subtask.