Examples of Communication Systems/General Description of GSM

1. Examples of Communication Systems
2. GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications
3. General Description of GSM

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# OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD MAIN CHAPTER #

The world's leading mobile communications standard at present (2011) is GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications. This was developed at the end of the 1980s and operates completely digitally. In 2011, it will be used in more than 200 countries, primarily for making calls via cell phones, but also for short messages (SMS) and for mobile circuit- or packet-switched data transmission (HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE).

Bitte diesen ersten Abschnitt durch diesen Test ersetzen:

Der Mobilfunkstandard  $\rm GSM$   $($"Global System for Mobile Communications")$)$  wurde Ende der 1980er Jahre entwickelt.  GSM arbeitet vollständig digital  und gehört somit zur zweiten Generation  $\rm (2G)$  der Mobilfunksysteme.

⇒   Im Jahr 2011  $($als dieses Kapitel konzipiert wurde$)$  war GSM weltweit führende Mobilfunkstandard und wurde in mehr als zweihundert Ländern genutzt,

• vorwiegend zum Telefonieren über das Handy,

• daneben aber auch für Kurzmitteilungen  $\rm (SMS)$  sowie

• für mobile leitungs– bzw. paketvermittelte Datenübertragung  $\text{(HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE)}$.

⇒   Im Jahr 2022  $($als dieses Kapitel im Rahmen der englischen Übersetzung nochmals überarbeitet wurde$)$  hat ein welt­weiter Report der Netz­aus­rüster-Indus­trie mehr als hundert Betreiber iden­tifi­ziert,  die die 2G-Abschal­tung entweder abge­schlossen haben,  dies planen oder gerade durch­führen,  um die hier­durch frei werdenden Frequenzen für den Ausbau von  $\rm LTE$,  $\rm 5G$  oder techo­logie­neu­tral zu verwenden.

• Als Länder mit abge­schlos­sener GSM-Abschal­tung werden unter anderem die USA, die Schweiz, Südafrika, China und Austra­lien genannt.

• Deutschland und fast der komplette euro­päi­sche Konti­nent werden unter der Rubrik  "geplante GSM-Abschal­tung"  aufgeführt.

• Interessant an diesem Report ist auch,  dass in einigen Ländern die Abschaltung des ca. zehn Jahre jüngeren 3G-Standards  $\rm UMTS$  noch mehr forciert wird.

⇒   Wir haben uns trotz dieser ungünstigen Prognose dafür entschieden,  dieses und das folgende Kapitel in unserem  $\rm LNTwww$  zu belassen,  da diese Kapitel einen Überblick über die historische Weiterentwicklung der Mobilfunksysteme bieten und dabei Probleme und Lösungsmöglichkeiten benennen,  deren Verständnie auch für heutige  $\rm (4G)$  und zukünftige Generationen  $\rm (5G, \ 6G, \text{... })$  von Interesse sein könnten.

Ende des neuen Textes

This chapter contains in detail:

1. The  »general description of GSM«  with important definitions of terms,
2. the  »GSM radio interface«  and  »its logical and physical channels«,
3. the main  »voice coding schemes«  for data compression,
4. the  »overall transmission model of GSM for voice and data transmission«,
5. the  »channel coding«  used in GSM with  »interleaving«  and  »encryption«,  and
6. the  »further developments of GSM«  such as HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE.

Emergence and history of GSM

The GSM standard was introduced around 1990 with the aim of offering a uniform pan-European mobile telephone system and network. Its use for data transmission was not initially the focus, but has since been steadily improved by additional specifications with regard to data rate.

The following is some data on the historical development of GSM:

1982   At the "Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications" (CEPT), the  Groupe Spécial Mobile  - abbreviated GSM - is established.

1987   A cooperation is formed between $17$ future operators from $15$ European countries and the GSM specification is started.

1990   Phase 1 of the GSM 900 specification (for 900 MHz) is completed and adaptation for the DCS 1800  (Digital Cellular System)  system around the 1.8 GHz frequency begins.

1992   Most European GSM network operators start commercial operation, initially with voice services only. By the end of 1992, 13 networks are already "on air" in seven countries.

1995   Phase 2 of GSM standardization begins. This includes data, SMS roaming, fax and adaptations for GSM/PCS 1900, which goes online in the USA in the same year.

1999   With the introduction of WAP  (Wireless Application Protocol)  it becomes possible for the first time to transfer Internet content and other interactive service offerings to mobile devices.

2000   The GPRS  (General Packet Radio Service)  enhancement also improves and simplifies wireless access to packet-switched data networks such as IP or X.25 protocols.

2000   Phase 2+ simultaneously introduces EDGE  (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)  which increases the data rate by a factor of about $3$ compared to GPRS.

2006   By 2006, the number of network operators had increased to $147$ in $213$ countries/territories worldwide, serving more than two billion subscribers. In Germany alone, there were already more than $70$ million GSM handsets at the end of 2005.

The GSM standards currently (2011) in use are:

• $\text{GSM 900}$:   Frequency range around 900 MHz (D networks, in Germany TD1, Vodafone D2),
• $\text{GSM/DCS 1800}$:   Frequency range around 1800 MHz (E networks, in Germany all operators),
• $\text{GSM/PCS 1900}$:   Frequency range around 1900 MHz (mainly used in the USA).

Cellular structure of GSM

One characteristic of GSM is the  cellular network structure, which is often idealized for simple calculations by hexagons according to the graphic on the left. This means that a coverage area with one base station per cell can be supplied without gaps if the range of the base station is at least as large as the cell radius.

Cellular network structure, idealized (left) and realistic (right)

This cellular structure results in the following consequences for the GSM system:

• The  cell radius  must be chosen smaller, the larger the carrier frequency is. For the D network  $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 900 \ \rm MHz)$  the maximum cell radius is about  $35 \ \rm km$, for the E network it is significantly smaller due to the higher frequency  $(f_{\rm T} ≈ 1800 \ \ \rm MHz)$  with  $8 \ \rm km$ .
• If a mobile subscriber moves in the area, it will traverse different cells and thus be in contact with different base stations. A problem not to be neglected is the so-called  handover  when crossing a cell boundary during a call.
• If the same carrier frequency is used in all cells, intercell interference can occur in case of overreach. Therefore, different frequencies are often used in neighboring cells. In the example above, three different frequencies are used, indicated by the colors white, yellow and blue. This example is based on the Reuse factor $3$.

The right graph shows a more realistic cell layout with different sized cells - depending on subscriber density and terrain topology.

• In addition, it can be seen that the base station does not always have to be located in the center of the cell.
• The colors "white" and "red" have no special meaning here.

GSM system architecture and network components

GSM is a hierarchically structured system of various network components. It has two main components, the  mobile stations  (MS, mobile subscribers) and the  fixed GSM network. Each mobile station consists essentially of two entities:

• the  Mobile Equipment  (ME): each ME is assigned a unique number called the  International Mobile Equipment Identity  (IMEI).
• The subscriber identity module (SIM) is a small PIN-protected processor and memory responsible for user data allocation and authentication.

GSM system architecture and network components

The diagram shows the structure for a so-called  Public Land Mobile Network'  (PLMN) of GSM, i.e. the GSM system architecture. This is designed for voice transmission, but is also suitable for data transmission to a limited extent.

From this graphic, one can see:

• The mobile station (MS) communicates via radio with the nearest  Base Transceiver Station  (BTS).
• Multiple BTSs are grouped together by area and are subordinated as a unit to a  Base Station Controller  (BSC).
• The  Base Station Subsystem  (BSS) consists of a large number of BTSs and several BSCs. In the diagram, such a BSS is outlined in blue–dashed.
• Each BSC is finally connected to a  Mobile Switching Center  (MSC), whose function is comparable to a switching node in the fixed network.

The fixed GSM infrastructure can be subdivided into three subnetworks:

• the Base Station Subsystem (BSS, radio network BSS)   ⇒   For details see next page,
• the Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS)   ⇒   For details see next page but one, and.
• the Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS).

The OMSS provides subscriber setup, credential verification, device blocking, charging, network component maintenance, and traffic flow control. It includes the following components:

• The  Operation and Maintenance Center  (OMC) - outlined in green - monitors a portion of the overall cellular network and triggers the network's control functions. It is divided into the components  OMC-B  ⇒   monitoring of  Base Station Controller  (BSC) and  OMC-S  ⇒   control of  Mobile Switching Center  (MSC).
• Network control may also be centralized in a  Network Management Cente'  (NMC) that is superior to the OMCs.

Other important functions/tasks of the  Operation and Maintenance Center'  (OMC) are the management of commercial operations, network configuration, security management and all maintenance activities regarding hardware and software.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The following graphic shows in the left part a  Base Station Subsystem, abbreviated BSS. Such a radio network consists of the following network components:

• The  Base Transceiver Station  (BTS) provides at least one radio channel each for the useful traffic or the signaling. In addition to the RF part (transmitting and receiving equipment), it also has some components for signal and protocol processing. One or more antennas are connected to the BTS, which usually supply a 120° sector.
• To keep the base station units (BTS) small, the essential control and protocol intelligence is often shifted to the  Base Station Controller  (BSC). It is quite possible for multiple BTSs to be controlled by a common BSC.
• Before the voice signal is transferred to the switching system, the  Transcoding & Rate Adaption Unit  (TRAU) converts the rate of the GSM voice signal from  $\text{13 kbit/s}$ to  $\text{64 kbit/s}$. Furthermore, the TRAU also handles the rate adjustment for the data services.

GSM:  Base Station Subsystem Korrektur Unterschrift

Each BTS is assigned various parameters, namely:

• One or more radio cells are combined into one  Location Area  (LA). Each LA is assigned its own identification number - the so-called  Location Area Identifier  (LAI). This is broadcast regularly by the base station on the  Broadcast Control Channel  (BCCH).
• This also allows each mobile station to determine its current location via the LAI. When the  Location Area  changes, the mobile station requests a  Location Update .

Other parameters of the  Base Station Subsystem  include:

• the  Cell Allocation  (CA):
  Assignment of a set of frequencies to a BTS,
• the  Cell Identifier  (CI):
  Labeling of the individual cells within a LA,
• the  Base Transceiver Station Identity Code  (BSIC):
  Identifier of the base station.

Switching and Management Subsystem (SMSS)

The  Switching and Management Subsystem  (SMSS) consists of the mobile switching centers (MSC or GMSC) and various databases (VLR, HLR, AUC, EIR, etc. ), as shown in the following diagram from  [BVE99]  shows.

Switching and Management Subsystem Korrektur

Regarding this illustration, it should be noted:

• The  Mobile Switching Center  (MSC) - i.e., the mobile switching center - performs the same switching functions as a fixed network switching node, e.g., path search and signal path switching. However, in addition, an MSC must also accommodate subscriber mobility (residence registration, handover when changing cells, and some more).

• The  Gateway Mobile Switching Center  (GMSC) is responsible for the connection between the fixed network - for example the ISDN - and the mobile network. If, for example, a mobile subscriber is called from the fixed network, the GMSC determines the responsible MSC in the HLR (see below) and transfers the call.

MSC and GMSC have access to several databases:

• The  Home Location Register  (HLR)  is a central register for subscriber data in a PLMN. It contains permanent data, but also temporary data needed for routing calls of own mobile subscribers.
• The  Visitor Location Register  (VLR)  stores the data of all mobile stations that are currently in the administrative area of the associated MSC, i.e. also the subscribers of other network operators.
• The  Authentication Center  (AUC) is responsible for storing confidential data and keys.
• The  Equipment Identity Register  (EIR)  stores serial numbers  (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity, IMEI)  of the terminals.

There is constant data reconciliation between the databases (VLR, HLR, AUC, etc.) of two mobile switching centers involved in a voice connection. This requires various identifiers for all subscribers, for example:

• The  Mobile Station Roaming Number  (MSRN) is a temporary, residence-dependent ISDN number. It is assigned to each mobile station by the locally responsible VLR and forwarded by the HLR to the GMSC upon request. This is used to route calls to a mobile station.
• The  Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity  (TMSI) is another identification number that is only valid in the territory of the VLR and is used instead of the  International Mobile Subscriber Identity  (IMSI) to address a mobile station.

$\text{Example 1:}$  We consider the mobile network of an operator  $\rm A$ whose customer is the subscriber  1 .

• The  Visited Location Register  of operator  $\rm A$  - abbreviated VLR(A) - contains information about the exact location (In which cell? Which BTS?) of all subscribers.
• For this subscriber  1'  the entry in the  Home Location Register  HLR(A) matches VLR(A). Thus, operator  $\rm A$ recognizes that subscriber  1  is its customer and a connection is established.

The subscriber  2  is a customer of another operator  $\rm B$, who is currently in the network  $\rm A$  by "roaming".

• The  Visitor Location Register  of operator  $\rm A$  - abbreviated VLR(A) - contains information about the exact whereabouts of the foreign subscriber  2  and a copy of HLR(B) of operator  $\rm B$.
• The operator  $\rm A$  thus recognizes this foreign customer and gives him clearance for roaming in his network  $\rm A$. The prerequisite, however, is that a roaming contract exists between the network operators

.

Services provided by GSM

GSM services are divided into the three categories:

• Bearer Services,
• Teleservices,
• Supplementary Services.

Carrier and teleservices are grouped under the generic term telecommunication services. Therefore, each  Public Land Mobile Network  (PLMN) must provide the corresponding fixed network infrastructure and a network interworking function  (Interworking Function, IWF) .

The  bearer services  are fundamental for data transmission. They provide the necessary technical facilities for the secure transport of user data. The pure transport services include:

Classification of GSM services Korrektur

• synchronous circuit-switched data transmission 
  (with 2400, 4800 r 9600 bit/s),
• asynchronous circuit-switched data transmission 
  (with 300 or 1200 bit/s).
• synchronous paket-switched data transmission 
  (with 2400, 4800 or 9600 bit/s).
• asynchronous paket-switched data transmission 
  (with 300 or 9600 bit/s).

The carrier services are further divided into two different modes:

• In the so-called  transparent mode  there is a connection between terminal and MSC secured by forward error correction. This mode is characterized by a constant bit rate, a constant transmission delay and - depending on the respective channel state - a fluctuating bit error frequency.
• In contrast, the  non-transparent mode  is based on the  Radio Link Protocol  (RLP). By an additional ARQ procedure  (Automatic Repeat Request)  blocks with too many bit errors are requested for retransmission, so that the net bit rate and delay strongly depend on the transmission conditions.

GSM teleservices

The second category of GSM services are  teleservices. These are end-to-end services that usually do not require network transition conversion  (Interworking Function, IWF) . In the above diagram, MS-TE denotes the terminal equipment of the mobile station.

The main teleservices are:

• the  telephone service. This basic service for the transmission of digitally-encoded voice signals uses a bidirectional as well as symmetrical point-to-point connection and offers so-called services such as call forwarding, call blocking and closed user groups;
• the  fax service, which uses a transparent carrier service to transmit data;
• the  short message service provided by GSM since 1996. This allows messages to be transmitted to or from a mobile station using a connectionless packet-switched protocol. For this purpose, a network operator must set up a service center.

There are two types of short messages:

• Point-to-Point Messages  between mobile stations and an exchange with a maximum length of 160 alphanumeric characters,
• Short Message Service Cell Broadcast  (SMSCB). These messages are broadcast only in a limited, regional area and can be received by the mobile station only when it is idle. The length is limited to 93 characters.

The  Ancillary services  as the third category of GSM services modify and complement the functionality of a GSM telecommunications service. Phase 1 GSM offers the same supplementary services as  "ISDN", for example, call display, call forwarding and call restriction.

More recent phase 2+ GSM services are:

• "High Speed Circuit-Switched Data"  (HSCSD, circuit data service),
• "General Packet Radio Service"  (GPRS, packet data service), and.
• "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution"  (EDGE, higher-rate data transmission).

Exercises for the chapter

Exercise 3.1: GSM Network Components

Exercise 3.2: GSM Services