Exercise 2.4: DSL/DMT with IDFT/DFT

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time samples with different DMT spectral allocations

A  "realization form"  of the  $\rm DMT$ method (stands for Discrete Multitone Transmission) is based on the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform   $\rm (IDFT)$  at the transmitter and the Discrete Fourier Transform   $\rm (DFT)$  at the receiver.

At the transmitter  $N/2-1$  users are represented by the complex spectral coefficients  $D_{k} \ (k = 1,$ ... , $N/2-1)$  allocated to the frequencies  $f_{k} = k \cdot f_{0}$  . The fundamental frequency  $f_{0}$  is the reciprocal of the symbol duration  $T$.

• It holds  $D_{k} \in \{ ±1 ± {\rm j} \}$ if one channel is occupied, in the other case  $D_{k} = 0$.
• The coefficients  $D_{0}$  and  $D_{N/2}$  are always zero.
• The top coefficients are allocated conjugate-complex:

$$D_k = D_{N-k}^{\star},\hspace{0.2cm}k = N/2 +1,\hspace{0.05cm} \text{...} \hspace{0.05cm}, N-1 \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

This ensures that the time signal  $s(t)$  is always real. The sample values  $s_{0}$, ... , $s_{N-1}$  of this signal are thereby formed by the IDFT, where the temporal distance of two samples is

$$\Delta t = T/N = 1/(N \cdot f_{0}).$$

Low-pass filtering is used to obtain the continuous-time signal.

For ADSL/DMT,  $N = 512$  and  $f_{0} = 4.3125 \ \rm kHz$. In the example considered here, let the parameters be assumed as follows for simplicity:

$$N = 16,\hspace{0.2cm}\delta t = 10\,{\rm µ s} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

In the above table, for three different  $D_{k}$ occupancies, the sample values  $s_{l} (l = 0$, ... , $15)$  according to the IDFT are given. The corresponding spectral coefficients  $D_{k}\ (k = 0$, ... , $15)$ are sought.

Hints:

• This exercise belongs to the chapter  "xDSL as Transmission Technology".
• The transmission signal for DSL has the form

$$s(t) = \sum_{k = 1}^{K} \big [ 2 \cdot {\rm Re}\{D_k\} \cdot \cos(2\pi \cdot k f_0 \cdot t ) - 2 \cdot {\rm Im}\{D_k\} \cdot \sin(2\pi \cdot k f_0 \cdot t )\big ] \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Note also the following trigonometric relationship:

$$\cos(2\pi f_0 t + \phi_0) = \cos( \phi_0) \cdot \cos(2\pi f_0 t ) - \sin( \phi_0) \cdot \sin(2\pi f_0 t ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• The ratio of the maximum value and the rms value is called the  crest factor'  (or the crest factor) of a signal.
• You can check your solution with the interactive applet  "Discrete Fourier Transform".

Questions

1

How many users  $(K)$  can be provided with this system?

$K \ = \ $

2

What is the bandwidth  $B$  of the DMT system under consideration?

$B \ = \ $ $\ \rm kHz $

3

What are the spectral coefficients at allocation  $\boldsymbol{\rm A}$?

	$D_{1} = 1- \rm j, \ all \ other \ 0,$
	$D_{1} = 1 + {\rm j}, \ D_{15} = 1 - \rm j, \ all \ others \ 0,$
	$D_{1} = 1 + {\rm j}, \ D_{15} = 1 + \rm j, \ all \ others \ 0.$

4

What are the spectral coefficients at allocation  $\boldsymbol{\rm B}$?

	$D_{2} = -1 - {\rm j}, \ D_{14} = -1 + \rm j, \ all \ other \ 0$,
	$D_{3} = +1 - {\rm j}, \ D_{13} = +1 + \rm j, \ all \ others \ 0$,
	$D_{3} = -1 - {\rm j}, \ D_{13} = -1 + \rm j, \ all \ others \ 0$.

5

What are the spectral coefficients for the allocation  $\boldsymbol{\rm C}$  with  $\boldsymbol{\rm C} = \boldsymbol{\rm A} + \boldsymbol{\rm B}?$

	$D_{1} = 1 + {\rm j}, \ D_{3} = -1 -{\rm j}, \ D_{13} = -1 +{\rm j}, \ D_{15} = 1 - {\rm j}$,
	$D_{k} = (-1)^k + {\rm j} \cdot (-1)^{k+1}$.

6

What is the crest factor  $(s_{\rm max}/s_{\rm eff})$  at allocation  $\boldsymbol{\rm C}$?

$s_{\rm max}/s_{\rm eff} \ = \ $

Solution

Solution

(1)  The system is designed for $K = N/2 - 1 \underline{= 7 \ {\rm users}}$ $(N = 16)$.

(2)  The frame duration $T$ is given by $N \cdot \delta t = 0.16 \rm ms$.

• The fundamental frequency here is accordingly $f_{0} = 1/T = 6.25 \ \rm kHz$ and the total bandwidth is $B = 8 \cdot f_{0} \ \underline{= 50 \ \rm kHz}$.
• For comparison, for ADSL, this bandwidth results in $256 \cdot 4.3125 \ \rm kHz= 1104 \ kHz.$

(3)  Correct is the second proposed solution:

• From the $16$ samples $s_{l}$ in the first column of the table  $($occupancy $\boldsymbol{\rm A})$  we see that $s(t)$ describes a harmonic oscillation with period $T_{0} = T$ (only one oscillation). The amplitude is equal to $2 \cdot \sqrt{2} =2.828$ and the phase is $\phi_0 = 45^\circ \ (π/4)$.
• Thus, for the continuous-time signal, we can write  $($with $f_{0} = 1/T)$:

$$s(t) = 2 \cdot \sqrt{2}\cdot \cos(2\pi f_0 t + \pi /4) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• With the given trigonometric transformation and ${\rm cos} \ (π/4) \ = \ {\rm sin} \ (π/4) \ = \ \sqrt{2}$ still holds:

$$s(t) = 2 \cdot \cos(2\pi f_0 t ) - 2 \cdot \sin(2\pi f_0 t ) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• A coefficient comparison with the further equation.

$$s(t) = \sum_{k = 1}^{K} \left [ 2 \cdot {\rm Re}[D_k] \cdot \cos(2\pi \cdot k f_0 \cdot t ) - 2 \cdot {\rm Im}[D_k] \cdot \sin(2\pi \cdot k f_0 \cdot t )\right ] \hspace{0.05cm}$$

returns the result:

$$2 \cdot {\rm Re}[D_1] = 2 \hspace{0.3cm} \ \Rightarrow \ \hspace{0.3cm} {\rm Re}[D_1] = 1\hspace{0.05cm},$$

$$2 \cdot {\rm Im}[D_1] = 2 \hspace{0.3cm} \ \Rightarrow \ \hspace{0.3cm} {\rm Im}[D_1] = 1\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Further note that the coefficient $D_{15}$ is to be allocated the conjugate complex value:

$$D_{15} = D_{1}^{\star} = 1 - {\rm j}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The same result would have been obtained by evaluating the (continuous-time) Fourier transform of $s(t)$:

$$S(f) = (1 + {\rm j}) \cdot \delta (f - f_0) + (1 - {\rm j}) \cdot \delta (f + f_0)\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The coefficient $D_1$ describes the weight at the first Dirac function (i.e., at $f = f_0$), and the coefficient $D_{15} = D_{-1}$ describes the weight of the Dirac function at $f = -f_0$. Here, the implicit periodic continuation in the DFT (or IDFT) should be noted.

(4)  Correct is the proposed solution 3, where now $D_{13} = D_{3}^∗$ has to be considered.

• If one plots the samples $s_l$, one now recognizes the 3-fold frequency. For example, comparing $s_2$ and $s_{10}$ gives:

$$8 \cdot \Delta t ={T}/{2} = 1.5 \cdot T_0 \hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} T_0 = {T}/{3}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• The amplitude is unchanged compared to the allocation $\boldsymbol{\rm A}$. The phase $\phi_0$ can be recognized from the first maximum at $l = 2$:

$$ s(t) \ = \ 2 \cdot \sqrt{2}\cdot \cos(2\pi \cdot 3 f_0 \cdot ( t - 2 \cdot \delta t)) = \ 2 \cdot \sqrt{2}\cdot \cos(2\pi \cdot 3 f_0 \cdot t + \phi_0), \hspace{0.3cm} \phi_0 = 12 \pi \cdot \frac{\delta t}{T} = \frac{3 \pi}{4} \hspace{0.05cm}.$$

• Following the same procedure as in exercise (3), we now obtain $ {\rm cos}(3π/4) \ = \sin(3π/4) = -\sqrt{2}/2$:

$${\rm Re}\{D_3\} = -1, \hspace{0.2cm} {\rm Im}\{D_3\} = -1\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

(5)  The correct solution here is the first proposed solution:

• Due to the linearity of the IDFT, the coefficients $D_1$, $D_3$, $D_{13}$ and $D_{15}$ are obtained according to the results of the subtasks (4) and (5).

(6)  The allocation $\boldsymbol{\rm C}$ leads to the sum of two harmonic oscillations (with $f_0$ and $3f_0$, respectively), each with the same amplitude $A$. Thus, the average signal power is given by:

$$P_{\rm S} = 2 \cdot \frac{A^2}{2} = A^2 = 8\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The rms value is equal to the square root of the transmitted power $P_{\rm S}$:

$$s_{\rm eff} = \sqrt{P_{\rm S}} = A = 2.828\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

The maximum value can be read from the table:

$$s_{\rm max} = 5.226\hspace{0.3cm} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} s_{\rm max}/s_{\rm eff} = \frac{5.226}{2.828} \hspace{0.15cm} \underline{\approx 1.85 \hspace{0.05cm}}.$$

In contrast, $s_{\rm max}/s_{\rm eff}= \sqrt{2} = 1.414$ would hold for both $\boldsymbol{\rm A}$ and $\boldsymbol{\rm B}$ allocations.