Difference between revisions of "Aufgaben:Exercise 4.11: Frequency Domain Consideration of the 4-QAM"

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<quiz display=simple>
{Wie groß ist die Energie pro Bit &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; $E_{\rm B}$&nbsp; bei  &nbsp;''Binary Phase Shift Keying''&nbsp; (BPSK)?
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{What is the energy per bit ⇒ $E_{\rm B}$&nbsp; for ''binary phase shift keying'' (BPSK)?
 
|type="{}"}
 
|type="{}"}
 
$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ { 2 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
 
$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ { 2 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
  
{Wie lautet das Leistungsdichtespektrum &nbsp;${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm} \cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$ des 4–QAM–Teilsignals&nbsp; $s_{\cos}(t)$&nbsp; in der äquivalenten Tiefpassdarstellung? <br>Welcher Wert &nbsp;$B_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}\cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $&nbsp; ergibt sich bei der Frequenz  &nbsp;$f = 0$?
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{What is the power-spectral density  &nbsp;${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm} \cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$ of the 4–QAM subsignal &nbsp; $s_{\cos}(t)$&nbsp; in the equivalent low-pass representation? <br>what value&nbsp;$B_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}\cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $&nbsp; is obtained at frquency &nbsp;$f = 0$?
 
|type="{}"}
 
|type="{}"}
 
$B_0 \ = \ $ { 4 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
 
$B_0 \ = \ $ { 4 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
  
{Wie lautet das Leistungsdichtespektrum &nbsp;${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$&nbsp; des gesamten 4–QAM–Signals $s(t)$?  
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{What is the power-spectral density &nbsp;${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$&nbsp; of the total 4–QAM signal $s(t)$?  
<br>Welcher Wert &nbsp;$Q_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $&nbsp; ergibt sich hier bei der Frequenz &nbsp;$f = 0$?
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<br>What value &nbsp;$Q_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $&nbsp; results here at frequency &nbsp;$f = 0$?
 
|type="{}"}
 
|type="{}"}
 
$Q_0 \ = \ $ { 8 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
 
$Q_0 \ = \ $ { 8 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
  
{Wie groß ist die Energie pro Bit &nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; $E_{\rm B}$&nbsp; bei der &nbsp;''Quadratur&ndash;Amplitudenmodulation''&nbsp; (4–QAM)?
+
{What is the energy per bit nbsp; &rArr; &nbsp; $E_{\rm B}$&nbsp; for ''quadrature amplitude modulation'' (4-QAM)?
 
|type="{}"}
 
|type="{}"}
 
$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ { 2 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$
 
$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $ { 2 3% } $\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$

Revision as of 18:10, 19 March 2022

Leistungsdichtespektren von
BPSK und 4-QAM

Taking as our starting point  BPSK  (binary phase modulation) with a rectangular fundamental pulse  $g_s(t)$  of width  $T_{\rm B} = 1 \ \rm µ s$  and amplitude  $s_0 = 2 \ \rm V$ , this exercise aims to determine the power density spectrum (LDS) of the 4–QAM step by step.


In   Exercise 4.7  power-spectral density  ${\it Φ}_s(f)$  of the BPSK was determined for exactly these parameter values. Using

$$A = s_0^2 \cdot T_{\rm B} = 4 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}$$

one obtains an actual power-spectral density (in the bandpass range) of:

$${{\it \Phi}_s(f)} = {A}/{4} \cdot {\big [ {\rm si}^2(\pi \cdot T_{\rm B}\cdot (f - f_{\rm T})) + {\rm si}^2(\pi \cdot T_{\rm B}\cdot (f + f_{\rm T}))\big ]}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$

However, the top graph shows the power-spectral density  ${{\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f)}$  of the equivalent low-pass signal. This is obtained from  ${\it Φ}_s(f)$  by

  • Truncating all components at negative frequencies,
  • Quadrupling the components at positive frequencies
(note: a spectrum must be doubled, a power-spectral density quadrupled), and
  • Shifting by  $f_{\rm T}$ to the left:
$${{\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f)} = A \cdot {\rm si}^2(\pi f T_{\rm B}). \hspace{0.2cm}$$

4–QAM differs from BPSK regarding the following details:

  • Splitting the binary source signal into two partial signals, each with half the bit rate, that is, with symbol duration  $T = 2 · T_{\rm B}$.
  • Multiplication of the partial signals with cosine and minus-sine, whose amplitudes  $g_0$  are each smaller than  $s_0$ by a factor of  $\sqrt{2}$ .
  • Summation of the two partial signals denoted by  $s_{\cos}(t)$  nd  $s_{–\sin}(t)$ :
$$s(t) = s_{\rm cos}(t)+ s_{\rm -sin}(t) \hspace{0.05cm}.$$





Hints:

  • This exercise belongs to the chapter  Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
  • Reference is also made to the page  BPSK – Binary Phase Shift Keying  in the previous chapter.
  • The power-spectral density (PSD) of a QAM component is identical to the comparable BPSK PSD:
  • Energies are to be specified in  $\rm V^2s$  ; they thus refer to the reference resistance $R = 1 \ \rm \Omega$.


Questions

1

What is the energy per bit ⇒ $E_{\rm B}$  for binary phase shift keying (BPSK)?

$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $

$\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$

2

What is the power-spectral density  ${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm} \cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$ of the 4–QAM subsignal   $s_{\cos}(t)$  in the equivalent low-pass representation?
what value $B_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}\cos, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $  is obtained at frquency  $f = 0$?

$B_0 \ = \ $

$\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$

3

What is the power-spectral density  ${\it \Phi}_{s,\hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f )$  of the total 4–QAM signal $s(t)$?
What value  $Q_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.08cm}{\rm TP}}(f = 0) $  results here at frequency  $f = 0$?

$Q_0 \ = \ $

$\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$

4

What is the energy per bit nbsp; ⇒   $E_{\rm B}$  for quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM)?

$E_{\rm B} \ = \ $

$\ \cdot 10^{-6}\ \rm V^2/Hz$


Solution

(1)  Die Leistung des BPSK–Sendesignals ist gleich dem Intergral über das Leistungsdichtespektrum.

  • Integriert man über das äquivalente Tiefpass–LDS, so ist noch der Faktor  $1/2$  zu berücksichtigen:
$$P_{\rm BPSK} = \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {{\it \Phi}_{s}(f)}\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}f = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {{\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f)}\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}f = \frac{A}{2} \cdot \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {\rm si}^2(\pi f T_{\rm B})\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}f = \frac{A}{2T_{\rm B}} \cdot \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {\rm si}^2(\pi x)\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}x =\frac{A}{2T_{\rm B}}$$
$$\text{Mit} \ \ A = 4 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}\hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.2cm} T_{\rm B}= 10^{-6}\,{\rm s} \hspace{0.3cm}\Rightarrow \hspace{0.3cm} P_{\rm BPSK} = 2\,{\rm V^2} ( = {s_0^2 }/{2})\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • Die Energie pro Bit ist dementsprechend bei der BPSK:
$$E_{\rm B} = {P_{\rm BPSK} \cdot T_{\rm B}}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 2 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • Hierbei ist wieder der Bezugswiderstand $1\ \rm Ω$ zugrunde gelegt.



(2)  Aufgrund der doppelten Symboldauer der 4–QAM  $(T = 2 · T_{\rm B})$  ist die Spektralfunktion gegenüber der BPSK nur halb so breit, aber doppelt so hoch, und anstelle von  $s_0$  ist nun der kleinere Wert  $g_0$  zu berücksichtigen.

  • Der LDS–Wert bei der Frequenz  $f = 0$  lautet damit:
$${\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm cos,\hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f = 0 ) = \left ({s_0}/{\sqrt{2}} \right )^2 \cdot 2 \cdot T_{\rm B} ={s_0^2 \cdot T_{\rm B}} = B_0 \hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • Es ergibt sich somit genau der gleiche Wert wie bei der BPSK:
$$B_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm cos,\hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f = 0 ) \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 4 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}}$$


(3)  Das zweite Teilsignal  $s_{–\sin}(t)$  liefert den genau gleichen Beitrag wie das gerade betrachtete Signal  $s_{\cos}(t)$.

  • Aufgrund der Orthogonalität zwischen der Cosinus– und der Minus–Sinusfunktion können die Leistungen addiert werden und man erhält:
$$Q_0 = {\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f = 0 ) = 2 \cdot B_0 \hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 8 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$


(4)  Analog zur Teilaufgabe  (1)  erhält man für die Energie pro Bit:

$$E_{\rm B} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot T_{\rm B} \cdot \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {{\it \Phi}_{s, \hspace{0.05cm}\rm TP}(f)}\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}f = \frac{Q_0 \cdot T_{\rm B}}{2T} \cdot \int_{ - \infty }^{+\infty} {\rm si}^2(\pi f T_{\rm B})\hspace{0.1cm} {\rm d}f = \frac{Q_0 \cdot T_{\rm B}}{2T} = \frac{8 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz} \cdot 1\,{\rm \mu s}}{ 2 \cdot 2\,{\rm \mu s}}\hspace{0.15cm}\underline {= 2 \cdot 10^{-6}\,{\rm V^2/Hz}}\hspace{0.05cm}.$$
  • Man erkennt, dass bei den hier getroffenen Voraussetzungen die „Energie pro Bit” von BPSK und 4–QAM übereinstimmen.