Difference between revisions of "Aufgaben:Exercise 4.08Z: Basics about Interleaving"

From LNTwww
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Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected).
 
Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected).
  
For turbo codes based on so-called &nbsp;'''RSC&ndash;Coder'''&nbsp; (<i>Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder</i>)&nbsp; &ndash; and only such make sense &ndash; <i>interleaving</i> is essential also with the AWGN channel, because then there are also always (some) input sequences, which deliver only zeros in the output sequence after quite a few ones, and that to infinity &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; there are output sequences with very small Hamming weight.
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For turbo codes based on so-called &nbsp;'''RSC encoder'''&nbsp; (<i>Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder</i>)&nbsp; &ndash; and only such make sense &ndash; <i>interleaving</i> is essential also with the AWGN channel, because then there are also always (some) input sequences, which deliver only zeros in the output sequence after quite a few ones, and that to infinity &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; there are output sequences with very small Hamming weight.
  
 
If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding.
 
If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding.
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1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
 
1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
  
In the subtask&nbsp; '''(1)'''&nbsp; it is asked whether this is&nbsp; <i>block interleaving</i>&nbsp; oor&nbsp; <i>random interleaving</i> &nbsp;. Letztere werden im&nbsp; [[Channel_Coding/The_Basics_of_Turbo_Codes#Second_requirement_for_turbo_codes:_Interleaving|"Theorieteil"]]&nbsp; allerdings nur in aller Kürze besprochen.
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In the subtask&nbsp; '''(1)'''&nbsp; it is asked whether this is&nbsp; <i>block interleaving</i>&nbsp; or&nbsp; <i>random interleaving</i> &nbsp;. The latter are discussed in the&nbsp; [[Channel_Coding/The_Basics_of_Turbo_Codes#Second_requirement_for_turbo_codes:_Interleaving|"theory section"]]&nbsp; but only very briefly.
  
  
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''Hinweis:''
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Hints:
* Die Aufgabe bezieht sich auf das Kapitel&nbsp; [[Channel_Coding/Grundlegendes_zu_den_Turbocodes| Grundlegendes zu den Turbocodes]].
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* Die Aufgabe bezieht sich auf das Kapitel&nbsp; [[Channel_Coding/The_Basics_of_Turbo_Codes| "The Basics of Turbo Codes"]].
  
 
*Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$&ndash;Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum
 
*Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$&ndash;Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum
:* Standard&nbsp; <i>Digital Subscriber Line</i> (DSL) &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Verfahren_zur_Senkung_der_Bitfehlerrate_bei_DSL#Interleaving_und_De.E2.80.93Interleaving| Interleaving und De&ndash;Interleaving]],
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:* Standard&nbsp; <i>Digital Subscriber Line</i> (DSL) &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Methods_to_Reduce_the_Bit_Error_Rate_in_DSL#Interleaving_und_De.E2.80.93Interleaving| "Interleaving und De&ndash;Interleaving"]],
:* 2G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; GSM &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Gesamtes_GSM%E2%80%93%C3%9Cbertragungssystem#Komponenten_der_Sprach.E2.80.93_und_Daten.C3.BCbertragung| Komponenten der Sprach&ndash; und Datenübertragung]],
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:* 2G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; GSM &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Entire_GSM_Transmission_System#Komponenten_der_Sprach.E2.80.93_und_Daten.C3.BCbertragung| "Komponenten der Sprach&ndash; und Datenübertragung"]],
:* 3G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; UMTS &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Nachrichtentechnische_Aspekte_von_UMTS#Kanalcodierung| Kanalcodierung]],
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:* 3G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; UMTS &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Telecommunications_Aspects_of_UMTS#Kanalcodierung_bei_UMTS| "Kanalcodierung"]],
:* 4G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; LTE &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Mobile_Communications/Die_Anwendung_von_OFDMA_und_SC-FDMA_in_LTE#Funktionsweise_von_SC.E2.80.93FDMA| Funktionsweise von SC&ndash;FDMA]]&nbsp; (im Buch "Mobile Kommunikation").
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:* 4G&ndash;Mobilfunksystem&nbsp; LTE &nbsp; &#8658; &nbsp; [[Mobile_Communications/The_Application_of_OFDMA_and_SC-FDMA_in_LTE#Functionality_of_SC-FDMA| "Funktionsweise von SC&ndash;FDMA"]]&nbsp; (im Buch "Mobile Kommunikation").
  
  

Revision as of 18:24, 29 November 2022

Interleaver description

Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected).

For turbo codes based on so-called  RSC encoder  (Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder)  – and only such make sense – interleaving is essential also with the AWGN channel, because then there are also always (some) input sequences, which deliver only zeros in the output sequence after quite a few ones, and that to infinity   ⇒   there are output sequences with very small Hamming weight.

If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding.

A general distinction is made between

  • Block interleaver and
  • Random interleaver.


In block interleaving  one fills a matrix with  $S$  columns and  $Z$  rows column by column and reads the matrix row by row. This deterministically scrambles a block of information with  $I_{\rm max} = S \cdot Z$  bits.

On the right, two interleavers are indicated and in graphical form by the assignment  $I_{\rm Out}(I_{\rm In})$. These quantities represent the "index of the output sequence" and the "index of the input sequence", respectively. It holds:

$$1 \le I_{\rm Out} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.5cm} 1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$

In the subtask  (1)  it is asked whether this is  block interleaving  or  random interleaving  . The latter are discussed in the  "theory section"  but only very briefly.



Hints:

  • Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$–Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum



Fragebogen

1

Welche Interleaver–Art ist in der Grafik auf der Angabenseite dargestellt?

Block–Interleaving,
Random–Interleaving.

2

Wieviele Zeilen  ($Z$)  und Spalten  ($S$)  hat die obere "Interleaver–Matrix 1"?

$Z \ = \ $

$S \ = \ $

3

Es gelte  $\underline{u} = (1001'0001'1101'1101'0010'0111)$. Wie beginnt die verwürfelte Folge  $\underline{u}_{\pi}$?
    Hinweis:   Die Hochkommata dienen nur als Lesehilfe.

$\underline{u}_{\pi} = (110'100'100'011'111'110'010'001' \text{...}\ )$,
$\underline{u}_{\pi} = (101'001'000'111'100'101'011'101'\text{...}\ )$.

4

Die verwürfelte Folge sei  $\underline{u}_{\pi} = (100'100'011'101'110'100'100'111)$. Wie lautet die Folge nach dem De–Interleaving?

$\underline{u} = (1101'0010'0011'1111'1001'0001'\text{...}\ )$,
$\underline{u} = (1010'0100'0111'1001'0101'1101' \text{...}\ )$.


Musterlösung

4×3–Interleaver–Matrix

(1)  Aus der regelmäßigen Struktur der Funktion $I_{\rm Out}(I_{\rm In})$ erkennt man, dass es sich um einen Blockinterleaver handelt  ⇒  Antwort 1.


(2)  Der Index "1" wird als erstes Zeichen ausgegeben. Weiter gilt:

  • Der Index 5 wird als zweites Zeichen ausgegeben  ⇒  $\underline{Z = 4}$.
  • Der Index 2 wird als viertes Zeichen ausgegeben  ⇒  $\underline{S = 3}$.


Die obere Grafik zeigt für die 4×3–Interleaver–Matrix:

  • das spaltenweise Beschreiben (rot),
  • das zeilenweise Auslesen (grün).


Zum Interleaving

(3)  Richtig ist der der Lösungsvorschlag 2:

  • Die Matrix wird spaltenweise beschrieben und zeilenweise ausgelesen.
  • Nach 12 Bit wird die Matrix gelöscht und die Prozedur beginnt von Neuem.
  • Die Grafik zeigt, dass nun der Lösungsvorschlag 2 richtig ist.


Zum De–Interleaving

(4)  Richtig ist der der Lösungsvorschlag 1:

  • Beim De–Interleaving wird die Matrix zeilenweise beschrieben und spaltenweise ausgelesen.
  • Die Grafik zeigt, dass hier der Lösungsvorschlag 1 richtig ist.