Difference between revisions of "Aufgaben:Exercise 4.08Z: Basics about Interleaving"
Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected). | Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected). | ||
− | For turbo codes based on so-called '''RSC | + | For turbo codes based on so-called '''RSC encoder''' (<i>Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder</i>) – and only such make sense – <i>interleaving</i> is essential also with the AWGN channel, because then there are also always (some) input sequences, which deliver only zeros in the output sequence after quite a few ones, and that to infinity ⇒ there are output sequences with very small Hamming weight. |
If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding. | If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding. | ||
Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$ | 1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$ | ||
− | In the subtask '''(1)''' it is asked whether this is <i>block interleaving</i> | + | In the subtask '''(1)''' it is asked whether this is <i>block interleaving</i> or <i>random interleaving</i> . The latter are discussed in the [[Channel_Coding/The_Basics_of_Turbo_Codes#Second_requirement_for_turbo_codes:_Interleaving|"theory section"]] but only very briefly. |
Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
− | + | Hints: | |
− | * Die Aufgabe bezieht sich auf das Kapitel [[Channel_Coding/ | + | * Die Aufgabe bezieht sich auf das Kapitel [[Channel_Coding/The_Basics_of_Turbo_Codes| "The Basics of Turbo Codes"]]. |
*Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$–Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum | *Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$–Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum | ||
− | :* Standard <i>Digital Subscriber Line</i> (DSL) ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/ | + | :* Standard <i>Digital Subscriber Line</i> (DSL) ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Methods_to_Reduce_the_Bit_Error_Rate_in_DSL#Interleaving_und_De.E2.80.93Interleaving| "Interleaving und De–Interleaving"]], |
− | :* 2G–Mobilfunksystem GSM ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/ | + | :* 2G–Mobilfunksystem GSM ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Entire_GSM_Transmission_System#Komponenten_der_Sprach.E2.80.93_und_Daten.C3.BCbertragung| "Komponenten der Sprach– und Datenübertragung"]], |
− | :* 3G–Mobilfunksystem UMTS ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/ | + | :* 3G–Mobilfunksystem UMTS ⇒ [[Examples_of_Communication_Systems/Telecommunications_Aspects_of_UMTS#Kanalcodierung_bei_UMTS| "Kanalcodierung"]], |
− | :* 4G–Mobilfunksystem LTE ⇒ [[Mobile_Communications/ | + | :* 4G–Mobilfunksystem LTE ⇒ [[Mobile_Communications/The_Application_of_OFDMA_and_SC-FDMA_in_LTE#Functionality_of_SC-FDMA| "Funktionsweise von SC–FDMA"]] (im Buch "Mobile Kommunikation"). |
Revision as of 18:24, 29 November 2022
Interleaving is required, for example, for a channel with burst error characteristics in order to distribute the errors within the burst over a sufficiently large area so that they can subsequently be largely corrected (or at least detected).
For turbo codes based on so-called RSC encoder (Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder) – and only such make sense – interleaving is essential also with the AWGN channel, because then there are also always (some) input sequences, which deliver only zeros in the output sequence after quite a few ones, and that to infinity ⇒ there are output sequences with very small Hamming weight.
If the bits of such input sequences are distributed over a wide range in the second coder, the problem can be (largely) eliminated by the interaction of both component decoders in the case of iterative symbol-wise decoding.
A general distinction is made between
- Block interleaver and
- Random interleaver.
In block interleaving one fills a matrix with $S$ columns and $Z$ rows column by column and reads the matrix row by row. This deterministically scrambles a block of information with $I_{\rm max} = S \cdot Z$ bits.
On the right, two interleavers are indicated and in graphical form by the assignment $I_{\rm Out}(I_{\rm In})$. These quantities represent the "index of the output sequence" and the "index of the input sequence", respectively. It holds:
- $$1 \le I_{\rm Out} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}, \hspace{0.5cm} 1 \le I_{\rm In} \le I_{\rm max} \hspace{0.05cm}. $$
In the subtask (1) it is asked whether this is block interleaving or random interleaving . The latter are discussed in the "theory section" but only very briefly.
Hints:
- Die Aufgabe bezieht sich auf das Kapitel "The Basics of Turbo Codes".
- Aber auch in anderen $\rm LNTwww$–Büchern wird Interleaving behandelt, unter anderem im Buch "Beispiele von Nachrichtensystemen" mit Bezug zum
- Standard Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ⇒ "Interleaving und De–Interleaving",
- 2G–Mobilfunksystem GSM ⇒ "Komponenten der Sprach– und Datenübertragung",
- 3G–Mobilfunksystem UMTS ⇒ "Kanalcodierung",
- 4G–Mobilfunksystem LTE ⇒ "Funktionsweise von SC–FDMA" (im Buch "Mobile Kommunikation").
Fragebogen
Musterlösung
(1) Aus der regelmäßigen Struktur der Funktion $I_{\rm Out}(I_{\rm In})$ erkennt man, dass es sich um einen Blockinterleaver handelt ⇒ Antwort 1.
(2) Der Index "1" wird als erstes Zeichen ausgegeben. Weiter gilt:
- Der Index 5 wird als zweites Zeichen ausgegeben ⇒ $\underline{Z = 4}$.
- Der Index 2 wird als viertes Zeichen ausgegeben ⇒ $\underline{S = 3}$.
Die obere Grafik zeigt für die 4×3–Interleaver–Matrix:
- das spaltenweise Beschreiben (rot),
- das zeilenweise Auslesen (grün).
(3) Richtig ist der der Lösungsvorschlag 2:
- Die Matrix wird spaltenweise beschrieben und zeilenweise ausgelesen.
- Nach 12 Bit wird die Matrix gelöscht und die Prozedur beginnt von Neuem.
- Die Grafik zeigt, dass nun der Lösungsvorschlag 2 richtig ist.
(4) Richtig ist der der Lösungsvorschlag 1:
- Beim De–Interleaving wird die Matrix zeilenweise beschrieben und spaltenweise ausgelesen.
- Die Grafik zeigt, dass hier der Lösungsvorschlag 1 richtig ist.